福建闽东诸小河泥沙及其变化分析

根据50年实测水文资料,分析了闽东诸小河泥沙年内年际变化和来水、产沙的因果关系及造成水土流失的主要原因。掌握该地区泥沙变化规律,对流域水土资源开发、利用和保护有着重要意义。     

青南地区"黑土滩"退化草地植被演替规律的研究

研究了青南地区“黑土滩”退化过程中植被组成、群落综合特征的变化规律,探讨了退化演替的物种替代机制及恢复演替模式。结果表明,在退化演替过程中群落主要种的优势地位发生明显的替代变化。植被覆盖度、地上生物量、优良牧草产量比例随草地退化程度的加剧而明显下降。随着退化程度的加重,草地植物根系逐渐减少,草土比的比值明显减少,比值由轻度退化类型的1:5左右演变到极度退化类型的1:400左右。     

Test of the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) for predicting runoff of atrazine, alachlor and fenamiphos species from conventional-tillage corn mesoplots

The Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) is a comprehensive, integrated physical, biological and chemical process model that simulates plant growth and movement of water, nutrients and pesticides in a representative area of an agricultural system. We tested the ability of RZWQM to predict surface runoff losses of atrazine, alachlor, fenamiphos and two fenamiphos oxidative degradates against results from a 2-year mesoplot rainfall simulation experiment. Model inputs included site-specific soil properties and weather, but default values were used for most other parameters, including pesticide properties. No attempts were made to calibrate the model except for soil crust/seal hydraulic conductivity and an adjustment of pesticide persistence in near-surface soil. Approximately 2.5 (+/- 0.9), 3.0 (+/- 0.8) and 0.3 (+/- 0.2)% of the applied alachlor, atrazine and fenamiphos were lost in surface water runoff, respectively. Runoff losses in the 'critical' events--those occurring 24 h after pesticide application--were respectively 91 (+/- 5), 86 (+/- 6) and 96 (+/- 3)% of total runoff losses for these pesticides. RZWQM adequately predicted runoff water volumes, giving a predicted/observed ratio of 1.2 (+/- 0.5) for all events. Predicted pesticide concentrations and loads from the 'critical' events were generally within a factor of 2, but atrazine losses from these events were underestimated, which was probably a formulation effect, and fenamiphos losses were overestimated due to rapid oxidation. The ratios of predicted to measured pesticide concentrations in all runoff events varied between 0.2 and 147, with an average of 7. Large over-predictions of pesticide runoff occurred in runoff events later in the season when both loads and concentrations were small. The normalized root mean square error for pesticide runoff concentration predictions varied between 42 and 122%, with an average of 84%. Pesticide runoff loads were predicted with a similar accuracy. These results indicate that the soil-water mixing model used in RZWQM is a robust predictor of pesticide entrainment and runoff.     

影响柿树炭疽菌孢子萌发、附着胞形成及致病性的环境因子

 在凹玻片上测定了不同浓度的葡萄糖溶液对柿树炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)的分生孢子萌发和附着胞形成率的影响,结果表明:分生孢子萌发率随葡萄糖浓度升高而增加,但附着胞形成率下降,芽管长度增加,附着胞的直径几乎没有变化;随着时间的延长,孢子萌发率和附着胞形成率都有所增加。不同pH对分生孢子萌发和附着胞形成率的影响结果显示,分生孢子在pH 2.0~9.0的溶液中可以萌发,并产生附着胞;最适分生孢子萌发和附着胞形成的pH是在5.0~6.0。不同pH处理的致病试验结果说明。在23℃时病斑在pH 4.0~8.0条件下都可产生;致病试验结果也发现,17℃时,pH6.0处理能发病,但不形成分生孢子团,pH 5.0处理不发病;15℃时,pH 5.0和pH 6.0的处理都不能发病。温度对菌丝生长的影响显示,菌落生长最适温度是25℃左右,高温抑制菌落生长。寄主表面侵染结构扫描电镜观察结果表明,芽管长度变化很大,芽管可以纵向沿着脊或沟延伸,也可横向通过脊沟;附着胞均在沟底或近底部形成。     

辽西易旱区坡面径流资源调控及高效利用研究

通过对辽西易旱区坡面径流资源调控及高效利用研究 ,提出 3种坡面径流集蓄调控模式 ,并以提高雨水径流利用率 ,发展高效农业为目的 ,进行了集雨灌溉旱地玉米和发展山地大棚示范研究。结果表明 ,在春播期耕层土壤含水量为 10 .2 5 %的条件下 ,覆膜玉米每穴加水 0 .2 5L ,即可达到 80 %以上的出苗率 ,6 0m3 水窖集水可解决5 .33hm2 旱地玉米抗旱春播。生育期补灌以孕穗期效果最佳 ,增产 2 2 .1% ,补灌量以 30mm为宜。集雨灌溉发展山地大棚在配以渗灌技术的条件下 ,较传统畦灌节水 5 3.4 % ,单位水产值达 95 .92元 /m3 ,是干旱地区调整土地利用结构 ,发展高效农业的可行途径。     

Phytotoxic activity of middle-chain fatty acids II: peroxidation and membrane effects

Pelargonic acid (PA), an aliphatic 9-carbon monocarboxylic acid, is a phytotoxic burn-down compound. In the light peroxidizing activity can be measured as ethane and propane formation with cress or tobacco seedlings. This effect is strong at low pH (4–5), and saturated acids with 9–10 carbon atoms represent the optimum chain length. Methyl or ethyl esters are inactive, and safeners have no influence. In contrast to the peroxidative herbicides like acifluorfen methyl neither photosynthesis nor protoporphyrin IX is involved, although peroxidation requires light. Chlorophyll is necessary since etiolated seedlings show little peroxidation. Singlet oxygen quenchers like eugenol markedly reduce peroxidation. Membrane leakage of a similar rate is observed in light as well as in darkness. PA was described as a penetration enhancer intercalating with membranes. Our data corroborate that conclusion. Accordingly, the herbicidal mode of action of pelargonic acid is due first to membrane leakage in dark or light and second to peroxidation driven by radicals originating in the light by sensitized chlorophyll displaced from the thylakoids.     

滇东南岩溶坡地种植牧草和农作物水土流失对比研究

采用随机区组设计,在坡度约为22￣25°的坡地上分别种植玉米、马铃薯、荞麦和混合牧草。3个月后,测定了3次降雨过程的地表径流和土壤侵蚀,结果表明:4个处理的地表径流量和土壤侵蚀量均随降雨量的升高而增大,3次降雨累计达73.4 mm,混播草地累计地表径流4 857 L/hm2,显著低于其他3种农作物(P<0.05),径流量分别比玉米地、马铃薯地和荞麦地减少了358%、85%和95%;混播草地的累计土壤侵蚀量100kg/hm2,显著低于其他3种农作物(P<0.05),分别比玉米地、马铃薯地和荞麦地减少了493%、280%、220%。     

新疆塔城地区中小河流径流成因分析及预测

以塔城地区乌拉斯台河为例,根据其年径流量(1966-1995年)序列的长期变化特征,提出了时间序列分解预测模型,即将年径流系列分解为趋势项、周期项、随机项,通过对其各项进行识别、提取,再将各项线性叠加,从而建立年径流量预测模型.从模型的识别过程可得,乌拉斯台河年径流具有不显著的递增趋势和明显的周期变化,同时具有一定的随机性.从模型的检验来看,所建模型具有较好的适应性和预报精度,并且拟合效果较好,说明这种预测方法有一定的实用性.     

Pirimiphos-methyl and benalaxyl losses in surface runoff from plots cultivated with potatoes

Abstract: Losses of pirimiphos-methyl and benalaxyl in runoff water from clay soil plots cultivated with potatoes and of differing soil surface slopes were determined over approximately 120 days (1 October 1999-28 January 2000). The plot slopes were 0, 1, 2.5 and 5%, and soil erosion increased with the slope from 610 to 1760kgha(-1). The runoff of surface water was between 3.1 and 16.6% of the rainfall. Surface runoff was highest for the fifth and seventh runoff events due to rainfall, 51 days and 72 days after the first pesticide application. The maximum concentrations of the two pesticides in runoff occurred in the plots with the greatest slope (5%) during the fifth runoff event, November 21, 1999 reaching 8.4 and 12.3 microg litre(-1) for pirimiphos-methyl and 17.8 and 20.2 microg litre(-1) for benalaxyl in tilled and untilled plots respectively. The cumulative losses of pirimiphos-methyl in surface runoff from tilled and untilled plots with a slope 5% were estimated at only 0.37 and 0.59% of the initial applied active ingredient, respectively, while for plots with a slope 0% the percentages were 0.013 and 0.018%. For benalaxyl the corresponding values from tilled and untilled plots were 1.69 and 1.76% (slope 5%), and 0.062 and 0.085 (slope 0%). Degradation of the pesticides in the topsoil was monitored from October 1999 and May 2000. Cultivation of potatoes decreased the half-life of the two pesticides compared to the untilled fields, for pirimiphos-methyl from 16.7 to 9.2 days and for benalaxyl from 26.7 to 12.6 days. The slope of soil surface and the different sorption capacities for the compounds are the main parameters which influenced the transportation of studied pesticides, pirimiphos-methyl and benalaxyl residues via surface water in soil-water systems.     

Herbicide loss following application to a roadside

Risk assessments for herbicides applied to roads are limited by the lack of knowledge on the fate and behaviour of the compounds in the urban environment. This study was designed to address this deficiency by quantifying the percentage loss of six herbicides following application to a roadside. Herbicides were applied on two occasions to a 16-m length of roadside and kerb edge. An automatic water sampler was used to collect run-off, draining to a single gulley pot, until 25 mm of rain had fallen. Samples were analysed for glyphosate, atrazine, diuron, oxadiazon and oryzalin, and peak concentrations were 650, 2210, 1810, 390 and 70 micrograms litre-1 respectively. Isoxaben was also applied, but concentrations in run-off were below the limit of detection (10 micrograms litre-1). Herbicide concentrations all followed a similar pattern of rapid decline throughout the first rain event following application, with the majority of loss occurring within the first 10 mm of accumulated rainfall, but compounds of high solubility and low Koc produced the highest peak concentrations. For those compounds of relatively low solubility and moderate Koc, application rate may be an influential factor in determining herbicide loss for these compounds. The percentage loss of the active substances applied differed between compounds, ranging from < 10% to 73%. The ecotoxicological significance of the results is discussed.