井冈霉素对水稻纹枯病菌生长发育的影响 

以水稻纹枯病菌(Rhizoctonia solani Kühn)强致病菌株GD-118为供试菌株,在室内观察了井冈霉素(Jinggangmycin)对其生长发育的影响。结果表明:井冈霉素对水稻纹枯病菌的毒力回归方程为y=3.360 3+1.320 4x,相关系数r=0.962 6,理论抑制菌丝生长的EC50为70.2μg/mL,EC95为6 341.5μg/mL。与不加井冈霉素的空白对照相比,用井冈霉素处理后水稻纹枯病菌的菌落边缘明显凹凸不平,边缘菌丝更密集、颜色加深,并且随着井冈霉素处理浓度的增加,菌丝的干质量逐渐降低,但菌落表面菌丝的密集程度有所增加、颜色更深;空白对照的菌核呈颗粒状、褐色,散生于菌落表面,边缘较多而中间较少;用井冈霉素处理后的菌核多数为粉状、浅褐色,部分菌核会连在一起呈块状,分布在菌落外围呈明显的双环形,具不规则的凹凸型菌落边缘,并且随着井冈霉素处理浓度的增加,菌核的干质量有所增加,菌核出现时间比空白对照提前约24h。另外,随着井冈霉素处理浓度的增加,水稻纹枯病菌的菌丝细胞核平均数目和分布范围均有不正常增多的趋势。     

Surface runoff processes and sustainable utilization of water resources in Manas River Basin, Xinjiang, China

Water is the important resource to guarantee the existence and development of oases in arid areas. To improve the utilization efficiency of water resources in Manas River Basin, this paper investigated the trends and periods of runoff based on the runoff and climate data for the past 50 years. Subsequently, with the socioeconomic and water resources data, we studied a comprehensive evaluation on the water security in this area. The results indicated that the stream flows in the three hydrological stations of Hongshanzui, Kensiwat and Bajiahu have significantly increased and undergone abrupt changes, with periods of 18 and 20 years. According to assessment, water security in the Manas River Basin was at an unsafe level in 2008. In criterion layer, the ecological security index and the index of supply-demand situation are both at the relatively secure level; the quantity index and socioeconomic index of water resources are at the unsafe level and basic security level, respectively. Therefore, in order to achieve sustainable economic and social development within the Manas River Basin, it is vital to take a series of effective measures to improve the status of water security.     

SNP对涝渍胁迫下水稻种子萌发及秧苗素质的影响

[目的]探讨硝普钠盐(SNP)浸种对涝渍胁迫条件下水稻种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。[方法]分别用蒸馏水和50μmol/L SNP溶液浸种24 h,正常催芽萌发至胚根2～5 mm,涝渍处理72 h,然后测定水稻种子的出苗率及各项形态指标。[结果]与涝渍对照相比,SNP浸种处理的出苗率增加了36.7%,根长增加了22.5%,株高增加了10.6%,干重增加了41.1%,相对活力指数增加了30.4%。[结论]SNP处理能显著提高涝渍条件下水稻种子的出苗率,提高秧苗素质,增加种子相对活力指数,对农业生成有一定的指导意义。     

Phosphorus Removal Mechanisms in Constructed Wetland under Stochastic Intermittent Inflow

Phosphorus removal and is mechanisms by horizontal subsurface(HSSF) constructed wetland to treat simulated runoff under stochastic inflow condition have been investigated based on an experiment study. The results indicate that under stochastic inflow condition and with constant inflow rate of nominal hydraulic retention time of 36 h, the removal rate of the experimental HSSF constructed wetland for total phosphorus(TP) and total phosphorus(DTP) are 59.3% and 29.8％ respectively, and the yearly removal load for TP and DTP are 13.826 and 3.310 g·m-2·a-1 respectively. Removal of phosphorus by macrophytes assimilation is 1.816 g·m-2·a-1, which makes up 13.2％ of the TP removal and 54.85％of the TDP removal in the constructed wetland. It is indicated that macrophytes assimilation is not the main mechanism for the removal of total phosphorus while it has significant effect on the removal of dissolved phosphorus. The main mechanism for phosphorus removal by the constructed wetland are phosphorus retention in sediments accumulated in the substrates and adsorption by the substrates. The yearly phosphorus retention in sediments accumulated in the substrates is 5.372 g·m-2·a-1, which contributes to 38.9% of the total phosphorus removal. And yearly phosphorus adsorption by the substrates is 6.640 g·m-2·a-1 , which contributes to 48.0% of the total phosphorus removal.     

林木遗传育种基础研究热点述评

林木由于世代周期长、个体高大、遗传负荷高等自身固有的一些特性,一直被认为是一种非常难以操作的遗传学材料,导致林木遗传育种在基础研究方面远远滞后于模式动、植物和其他重要作物,成为限制林木遗传改良进程的主要因素。分子育种是突破林木育种周期长的关键技术,通过基因组学研究,分析和阐明林木基因的功能是进行林木分子育种设计的前提。近年来随着生命科学领域新技术的快速发展,林木遗传育种基础研究也出现一些新的热点。本文主要阐述林木基因组和功能基因组学、连锁与关联分析、木材形成机制及分子育种技术的研究进展,虽然目前相关研究成果实际应用的条件还不成熟,但作为技术储备是急需加强的研究方向。     

广东三地幼龄檀香生长和结香的早期评价

采用标准地调查的研究方法,调查广东省种植规模较具代表性的3个试验基地内6年生幼龄檀香的生长和结香情况,方差分析结果表明,3个试验基地内种植的同龄檀香,其树高、地径、胸径、净树干高度以及冠幅均差异显著(P<0.001),位于湛江的试验基地内,各种形态指标值均最大,平均树高为6.05m,平均地径为12.72cm,平均胸径为10.27cm,平均净树干高度为2.64m,平均冠幅(南北)为3.20m。利用生长锥对檀香树干进行钻孔取样,分析幼龄檀香的心材形成情况,结果表明,3个试验基地内的6龄檀香均已陆续开始形成心材,自然形成心材的比例为15%～20%。采用溶剂浸提法对钻取的心材提取檀香精油,精油含量在0.66%～1.76%之间;采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析檀香精油的成分及各成分的相对含量,结果表明,幼龄檀香精油的主要成分和檀香木油的国际标准成分相同,但含量较低,总檀香醇含量范围为34.31%～37.91%,精油质量没有达到国际标准。早期的生长和结香情况表明,檀香人工林的规模种植在广东表现良好。     

A method for observing and manipulating roots and root associated fungi on plants growing in nonsterile substrates

Standard 14‐cm plastic‐petri dishes were used as root substrate chambers allowing controlled inoculation, regular inspection under the dissecting microscope, and manipulation of root infections with pathogens and mycorrhizal fungi under nonsterile conditions. Roots of young pine seedlings were placed on the root substrate and, especially those growing on the substrate surface under the lid, were very easy to manipulate. Mycorrhizal species and inoculation methods were compared and the infection process followed continuously under various conditions. The air pockets formed between the lid and the substrate favoured mycorrhiza formation. Brief, periodic flooding prevented formation of mycorrhizas in two mycorrhizal species having hydrophobic hyphae but did not prevent it in less hydrophobic species. IAA treatment of roots led to heavy production of mycorrhizas. Fruiting body formation in Lacearia laccata was induced and followed in the dish cultures. Pure mycorrhizal stock cultures were able to be revitalized in the dish cultures and reisolated in pure culture. The infection strategy of a weak root pathogen, Cylindrocarpon destructans, was studied with the same technique, which was also used for investigating treatments predisposing seedlings to pathogen infection.     

红松木倾斜角度对其木材形成组织的影响

为研究树干倾斜角度对应压木木材细胞壁形成过程的影响,以7年生红松苗木为研究对象,对其茎干进行不同角度的倾斜处理.先后测定苗木的树高和胸径、木材形成组织中的木质素和纤维素含量、傅里叶红外变化光谱和极性代谢产物.结果表明:倾斜角度对高生长的抑制作用非常显著,对直径生长无显著影响.倾斜后木质素含量增加,纤维素含量降低;倾斜角度对木质素和纤维素含量均有显著影响.不同倾斜角度FTIR吸收峰强度也有明显差异.糖类、脂类、氨基酸、含氮化合物、有机酸等代谢物随倾斜角度呈现不同的变化规律.因此,红松苗木50°倾斜处理形成典型的应压木结构.代谢物相对含量的变化规律与形成的木材宏观性质相吻合.代谢物的变化也反映了树木对应力刺激的响应机制.     

The evaluation of the curd forming ability of milk replacers

Inadequate milk curd formation in the abomasum of newborn calves causes malnutrition and diarrhea. In order to define the factors of inadequate curd formation, we compared the curd forming ability among 9 kinds of milk replacers, bulk milk (raw milk), and skim milk both in vitro and in vivo . When rennet was added, the raw milk and one milk replacer formed firm curds. The rest of the milk replacers and skim milk did not form any curd. When a solution of HCl was added, raw milk, three milk replacers and skim milk formed the curd at pH 4.5, but the other milk replacers did not. When HCl was added following the rennet, raw milk, one milk replacer and skim milk formed the curd. In vivo , raw milk, two milk replacers and skim milk showed good curd formation whereas the other milk replacers showed poor curd formation inside the abomasums of the calves. This study showed that most of the milk replacers sold in Japan could not form the curd with rennet.     

基于动态产流机制的分布式土壤侵蚀模型研究

区域尺度的土壤侵蚀模型研究的流域面积较大,研究区往往涉及到多种气候类型。现有的区域尺度的土壤侵蚀模型多采用单一的产流类型,并不能真实准确地反映区域尺度的产流过程。因此,以DEM栅格单元为基本模拟单元,以日为时间模拟单元,构建了基于动态产流机制的区域尺度分布式土壤侵蚀模型。该模型采用动态产流方案,即根据降雨特征和下垫面特征之间的动态对比关系动态选取产流方式,并详细描述了降水、渗透、植被截留、填洼、降雪融水、蒸散发等过程,从而更加准确地描述了区域尺度的产流过程。采用RUSLE模型计算泥沙剥蚀量,并采用月均植被覆盖度计算C因子,使得长时间序列模拟中,C因子是动态变化的,从而使得模型能够更加真实地反映土壤侵蚀的状况。最后,以临沂流域为研究区,对模型进行了验证和应用。模拟结果表明,该模型在临沂流域适用。研究结果说明临沂流域的泥沙主要来源于上游和中游,海拔高度是土壤侵蚀的重要影响因子,临沂流域的土壤侵蚀主要分布在200～500m的海拔高度带上。