Managing non‐native fish in the environment

Non‐native fishes are frequently used to enhance aquaculture and fisheries; if introduced into the wider environment, then the majority will have negligible effects on native biodiversity. However, a minority will become invasive, causing adverse ecological effects, and so management actions may be needed to minimize their dispersal and impacts. These actions include eradication attempts from specific waters or well‐defined spatial areas, population control by suppression (e.g. through removal programmes) and containment of existing populations to prevent their further spread. These remedial actions have generally only been undertaken across large spatial areas in developed countries; experience suggests a fundamental constraint is a lack of selective removal methods that target the non‐native fish species only. For example, eradication methods tend to be limited to low technology, ‘scorched‐earth’ techniques (e.g. biocide chemicals) whose use is generally constrained to relatively small and enclosed water bodies. Risk management of non‐native fishes should ensure that actions taken are commensurate with the level of risk posed by that species in the environment; although pre‐introduction risk assessment schemes have been developed, there remains a lack of decision support tools for post‐introduction situations. Although this inhibits the management of non‐native fishes in the environment, control programmes such as those against common carp Cyprinus carpio in Australia and topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva in England and Wales suggest there is potential for invasions to be managed and controlled within large spatial areas, even if their eradication may not be feasible.     

Eradication of the invasive Pseudorasbora parva results in increased growth and production of native fishes

Abstract –  The topmouth gudgeon, Pseudorasbora parva , has been described as Europe's most invasive fish. To control their UK invasion, some lentic populations at risk of causing fluvial dispersal have been eradicated. The first of these operations was from a lake in north-west UK in March 2005 using rotenone application; prior to eradication, their mean density was estimated as 6.1 m⁻² whereas since eradication, no P . parva have been recorded. Prior to rotenone application, the majority of native fishes were removed, held off-site and reintroduced following degradation of rotenone to safe levels. In the three growth seasons since their reintroduction and P . parva eradication, the abundance, somatic growth rate and production of roach Rutilus rutilus and common bream Abramis brama have increased significantly; production is now driven by a lower number of comparatively larger, faster growing individuals. These data suggest that the eradication of this P . parva population has been highly beneficial for the growth, recruitment and production of these native species.     

2.5%鱼藤酮微胶囊悬浮剂在普通白菜上的消解特性

农药制剂的形态对害虫的防治效果、持效期及在环境中的残留量有重要的影响。为了解植物源农药鱼藤酮制剂的最佳施用量和安全间隔期,本试验采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)分析了2.5%鱼藤酮微胶囊悬浮剂在普通白菜和土壤中的残留消解动态和最终残留量。结果表明:2.5%鱼藤酮微胶囊悬浮剂在普通白菜和土壤中的消解动态均符合一级动力学方程,半衰期分别为2.58～2.74 d和2.88～3.07 d;施药量为100 g·(667 m~2)~(-1)和150 g·(667 m~2)~(-1)时,鱼藤酮在普通白菜和土壤中的最终残留量符合残留要求,可以安全使用。     

QuEChERS-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法分析甘蓝和土壤中的鱼藤酮

采用QuEChERS-液相色谱-串联质谱法(QuEChERS and LC-MS/MS)建立了鱼藤酮在甘蓝及土壤中的残留检测方法。样品前处理采用以乙腈作提取剂、PSA(primary sec-ondary amine,N-丙基乙二胺)为分散净化剂的QuEChERS方法,利用高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)在多反应离子检测模式下进行检测。在甘蓝和土壤中的添加水平为0.002-0.1mg/kg条件下,鱼藤酮在甘蓝中的添加回收率为78.36%～88.16%(相对标准偏差为6.05%～13.38%),在土壤中的添加回收率为77.94%～89.50%(相对标准偏差为4.70%～12.35%)。鱼藤酮在甘蓝和土壤中的最低检测浓度为0.002mg/kg,最小检出量为1.0×10-11g。该方法样品前处理简单、快速,准确度、精密度和灵敏度均符合农药残留检测要求,适用于甘蓝和土壤中鱼藤酮残留的检测。     

非洲山毛豆中鱼藤酮含量的季节变化与分析

用索氏提取法和高效液相色谱仪测定了从菲律宾和坦桑尼亚引种的非洲山毛豆紫花和白花品种叶片中的鱼藤酮含量在不同生长季节的变化情况.结果表明,非洲山毛豆中鱼藤酮的含量随着季节的变化而变化.其中,紫花品种叶片干粉中鱼藤酮含量在8月份和11月份最高,为0.46%;5月份最低,为0.14%.白花品种叶片干粉中鱼藤酮含量在10月份最高,为0.31%;6月份的含量很低,只有0.08%,而在4月份和5月份,白花品种叶片提取物中检测不到鱼藤酮.另外,比较了不同地区种植的非洲山毛豆品种中的鱼藤酮含量.     

Determination of Rotenone Residues in Foodstuffs by Solid-Phase Extraction （SPE） and Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry （LC-MS/ MS）

We developed a novel approach to determine rotenone residues in foodstuffs, by integrating solid-phase extraction （SPE） and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry （LC-MS/MS） technologies, to achieve high sensitivity and selectivity. In our method, the solvent extraction with n-hexane-dichloromethane （50：50, v/v） and cleanup with florisil SPE cartridges using ethyl acetate-ethyl ether （25：75, v/v） as eluents provided adequate recovery of rotenone. The detection of rotenone was then carried out by LC-MS/MS using acetonitrile-water with the 0.1% formic acid （w/v） as the mobile phase. The multiple reaction monitoring （MRM） scheme employed in the approach involved the transitions of the precursor ion to three selected product ions, in which one pair for quantification was m/z 395.3 〉 213.2 and the other two pairs for identification were m/z 395.3 〉 192.2 and 395.3 〉 367.0. The limits of quantification （LOQs） of the method ranged from 0.001 to 0.005 mg kg-1 depending on the matrix. Intra- and inter-day precisions （relative standard deviations, RSDs） for rotenone were less than 7.1 and 14.8%, respectively. Results from repetitive analysis suggested good reproducibility of the method for rotenone residue detection. The recoveries at three concentrations （LOQ, 10LOQ and 100LOQ） ranged from 79.3-118.3% in cabbage, potato, onion, carrot, apple, orange, banana, lichee, tea, and Shiitake mushroom. The proposed procedure was then applied to the analysis of 129 real samples collected from Xiamen, Fujian Province, China. The existence of rotenone was found in two tea products with concentrations of 0.012 and 0.016 mg kg-1, respectively. The method has great potential for routine analysis of monitoring rotenone residue in foodstuffs.     

植物中鱼藤酮含量随生长期和地域的变化

用高效液相色谱测定了几种鱼藤Derris根不同生长期和非洲山毛豆Tephrosia vogelii紫花品种叶片和茎杆不同地域鱼藤酮的含量（质量分数ω，下同）．结果表明，毛鱼藤D．elliptica、马来鱼藤D．malaccensis、白花鱼藤D．以borubra和边荚鱼藤D．marginata根的鱼藤酮含量都是4月份最高，ω分别为1．44％、0．50％、3．13％、1．89％，只有粉叶鱼藤D．glauca根的鱼藤酮含量11月份最高，ω为0．76％；白花鱼藤在这5个品种中含量最高，4月份达到3．13％；栽种于深圳宝安的非洲山毛豆紫花品种的鱼藤酮含量较广东陆丰、和平、广州和广西南宁的高，叶中为0．43％，茎中为0．25％．对植物中鱼藤酮随品种、生长期和地域变化进行定量分析，为鱼藤酮资源植物的合理采收和开发利用提供了依据．     

两类光保护剂对鱼藤酮的光保护效果

分别向鱼藤酮中加入紫外线吸收剂BP12、BP3、UV-P和抗氧化剂焦性没食子酸,置于30W的紫外灯下照射,7d后,高效液相色谱(HPLC)检测鱼藤酮的含量。结果表明两类光保护剂均有保护效果。其中抗氧化剂焦性没食子酸光保护作用最强,且降解率与抗氧化剂的用量成反比。加0.2g·L-1焦性没食子酸的鱼藤酮降解率仅为7.62％,而含0.05g·L-1焦性没食子酸的鱼藤酮降解率为18.59％;含紫外线吸收剂0.05g·L-1 UV-P、BP12、BP3的鱼藤酮降解率分别为24.52％、45.86％、85.56％;没加光保护剂的鱼藤酮几乎完全降解。说明焦性没食子酸和UV-P是鱼藤酮良好的光保护剂,能显著提高鱼藤酮的抗紫外线的能力。     

1.2%鱼藤酮微乳剂的研制

报道1.2%鱼藤酮微乳剂(M E)的制备方法。以二甲苯与乙酸乙酯(2∶3,v/v)为溶剂,CRES-LOX 3433为乳化剂,自来水为介质配制出的鱼藤酮M E,经热贮稳定性测定,各项质量指标合格;对黄曲条跳甲P hy llotreta striola ta(F abric ius)的毒力,1.2%鱼藤酮M E的LC50为503.25 m g/kg,7.5%鱼藤酮乳油(EC)的LC50值为640.22 m g/kg,M E的毒力是EC的1.27倍。     

鱼藤酮与3种新烟碱类杀虫剂桶混对烟粉虱和烟蚜的联合毒力

为了筛选出对烟粉虱和烟蚜防治具有共同增效作用的桶混药剂组合,采用浸叶法测定鱼藤酮分别与噻虫胺、噻虫啉和噻虫嗪桶混后对烟粉虱和烟蚜的联合毒力,通过共毒系数筛选出效果较好的桶混组合,然后进行烟粉虱和烟蚜的田间药效试验。结果显示,12组桶混组合对烟粉虱有增效作用和6组桶混组合对烟蚜有增效作用,其中5组桶混组合对烟粉虱和烟蚜具有共同增效作用。当鱼藤酮与噻虫胺按有效成分3:20、14:25和13:25,与噻虫嗪按有效成分63:10和133:1配比时,对烟粉虱和烟蚜同时具有增效作用。田间药效试验结果显示,6%鱼藤酮微乳剂与20%噻虫胺悬浮剂桶混,药后1、3、7、10天对烟粉虱和烟蚜的防治效果分别在70%、90%、92%、88%以上;6%鱼藤酮微乳剂与25%噻虫嗪水分散粒剂桶混,药后1、3、7、10天对烟粉虱和烟蚜的防治效果分别达到74%、86%、91%、90%以上,其速效性优于6%鱼藤酮微乳剂的防治效果,持效性优于化学杀虫剂的防治效果。鱼藤酮与3种新烟碱类杀虫剂桶混增效作用显著,为烟粉虱和烟蚜的田间农药减量化防控提供了理论基础。