Application of a putative fatty-acid binding protein to discriminate serologically the two European quarantine root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne chitwoodi and M. fallax, from other Meloidogyne species

Two major proteins, Mcf-A67 and Mcf-B66, were identified by mini two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in order to distinguish the two European quarantine root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne chitwoodi and M. fallax, from eight other species. These quarantine proteinic markers have been microsequenced after enzymatic digestion. The internal amino acid sequences exhibit similarities to members of a family of low molecular weight intracellular lipid-binding proteins. Moreover, to explore a simple, rapid, and inexpensive way to identify the two quarantine nematodes, dot blot hybridizations were performed using an antiserum (A67) produced from the longest amino-acid sequence of the protein Mcf-A67. Although several proteins stained on the M. chitwoodi and M. fallax western blot membranes, the two nematodes were easily distinguished from other root-knot nematodes, on dot blot assays with soluble proteins extracted from a single female. Because of its specificity and sensitivity, the use of the A67 antiserum to improve the diagnosis of the two European quarantine root-knot nematodes is discussed.     

Distribution analyses of Meloidogyne spp. and Pratylenchus coffeae sensu lato in coffee plots in Costa Rica and Guatemala

The distribution of the plant-parasitic nematodes Pratylenchus coffeae sensu lato and Meloidogyne spp. were studied in two plots, one in Guatemala ( P. coffeae and M. paranaensis ) and the other in Costa Rica ( P. coffeae and M. exigua ). The quantity of nematodes per g fresh weight root were counted for each coffee tree sampled. The distributions were aggregated, and generally fitted well to negative binomial distributions. Population aggregation was greater when a smaller number of nematodes were involved, suggesting that initial colonization develops in foci. Analyses of the relationships between population levels of the species suggested that there was competition between Pratylenchus coffeae and Meloidogyne spp. This competition was expressed differently depending on the relative population density of the different species.     

昆虫病原线虫共生细菌胞内晶体蛋白的研究进展

初生型发光杆菌属（Photorhabdus）及嗜线虫致病杆菌属（Xenorhabdus）细菌分别与异小杆线虫属（Heterorhabdltis）和斯氏线虫属（Steinernema）昆虫病原线虫互惠共生。这类昆虫病原细菌在稳定生长期分别产生两种形态各异的胞内晶体蛋白。本文回顾了这类蛋白的研究历史和最新的研究进展，特别是胞内晶体蛋白的理化性质和生物学功能，同时讨论这种晶体蛋白的研究方法与技术。     

Evaluation of PCR,IEF and ELISA techniques for the detection and identification of potato cyst nematodes from field soil samples in England and Wales

Effective management of potato cyst nematodes (PCNs) requires simple, rapid and accurate identification and quantification of field populations. Soil samples from a survey of 484 fields in potato rotations in England and Wales were used to compare the identification and quantification of PCNs using IEF, PCR, ELISA and bait plant tests. The cyst counts and bait plant test revealed that 64.3% of field samples contained PCNs. Bait plant tests increased the detection rate of PCNs in field samples by 4–6.4%. This means that some infestations are cryptic and would not normally be detected by standard counts. IEF, PCR and ELISA methods distinguished between Globodera rostochiensis and G pallida and were able to register mixed populations; however they were not in full agreement. All methods suggested that G pallida is the dominant species in the field samples tested. The PCR results indicated that 66% of field samples contained pure G pallida, 8% contained pure G rostochiensis and 26% contained mixtures of the two species. Estimates of the relative process times taken per sample in the PCR, IEF and ELISA techniques are given. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

江苏进出口园林植物寄生线虫调查及检疫处理技术

1997－1998年，对南京口岸进口的荷兰、加拿大、美国、韩国、台湾和香港等国家和地区41批（次）园林植物检疫中，1次截获鳞球茎类线虫、19交截获咖啡短体线虫、草莓芽叶线虫、克鲁克剑线虫、毛刺尾线虫、南方根结线虫、花生根结线虫、北方根结线虫和其它根结线虫等，进口的园林植物中危险性疫情发生率高达34％。对江苏5个主要出口园林植物生长基地进行的植物寄生线虫种类调查，在59种经常性出口的园林植物中，发现27属植物寄生线虫，其中已鉴定出13种。对红花木莲苗上的南方根结线虫、牡丹苗上的腐烂茎线虫进行的检疫处理试验表明，用几种农药混配的处理液加热后处理植物的根部，可以有效地杀死这两种植物寄生线虫，保证货物安全出口。     

Selection forMeloidogyne incognita virulence against resistance genes from tomato and pepper and specificity of the virulence/resistance determinants

Experiments were designed to analyze the relationships between the root-knot nematodeMeloidogyne incognita and resistant tomato and pepper genotypes. From a natural avirulent isolate, near-isogenic nematode lineages were selected with virulence either against the tomatoMi resistance gene or the pepperMe3 resistance gene. Despite the drastic selection pressure used, nematodes appeared unable to overcome the pepperMe1 gene, therefore suggesting some differences in the resistance conferred byMe1 andMe3 in this species. Nematodes virulent onMi-resistant tomatoes were not able to reproduce onMe1-resistant nor onMe3-resistant peppers, and nematodes virulent onMe3-resistant peppers were not able to reproduce onMi-resistant tomatoes nor onMe1-resistant peppers. These results clearly demonstrate the specificity ofM. incognita virulence against resistance genes from both tomato and pepper, and indirectly suggest that gene-for-gene relationships could occur between these two solanaceous crops and the nematode.     

以大蜡螟与人工培养基连续传代的两种斯氏线虫生物学特性比较

本文比较了 Steinernema carpocaprae 和 Steinernema anomali 两个种(品系)的斯氏昆虫病原线虫,分别在大蜡螟和鸡什海绵人工培养基下连续传代培养的两个种群的形态、带菌率、发育、繁殖、毒力和寻找寄主能力的差异。试验表明:同一种(品系)长期在蜡螟传代的线虫种群比人工培养基传代的种群的线虫体较大,在寄主昆虫内发育怏、繁殖量大。但细菌保留率、感染率、感染指数、在沙里寻找寄主并使其致死的能力稍低。上述的差异在 S.anomali 这个种尤为明显,S.car pocapsae 则差异不大。     

昆虫病原斯氏和异小杆线虫人工大量培养的研究概况

昆虫病原斯氏和异小杆线虫的大面积田间应用要求线虫有效地生产，本文介绍业已建立线虫大量培养方法及合适于大规模生产线虫的工厂化培养系统及有关的技术参数，并讨论其优化管理问题。     

河北省昆虫病原线虫资源调查

采用大腊螟诱捕法，对采自河北省的1975个土样进行昆虫病原线虫分离。共分离出斯氏属线虫17个种群，异小杆属线虫49个种群，土壤带线虫率为3．34％。在斯氏属线虫中，其中格氏线虫有2个种群，新种A有一个种群，新种B有14个种群；而49个异小杆线虫种群均为嗜菌异小杆线虫。在河北南部邯郸及邢台地区，以斯氏线虫为主，而在中北部地区则以异小杆线虫为主。同时明确土样中的带线虫率与土壤植被以及土壤质地密切相关。未耕地以及以果树、蔬菜和大田作物为植被的土壤带线虫率分别为6．59％、5．13％、3．15％和2．9％；沙土、沙壤土、壤土以及粘土的带线虫率分别为8．57％、3．17％、3．36％和0。     

不同培养方法对昆虫病原线虫质量影响及其评价

采用传统的White trap法、Lowtek培养法、液体和固体培养4种方法繁殖异小杆线虫[Heterorhabditis bac-teriophora(Hb-1)]和斯氏线虫[Steinernemacarpocapsae(Sc-2)],测定和计算了线虫的产量、质量和成本。试验结果显示,4种方法培养对线虫侵染力和存活率有一定影响,但差异不显著(p<0.05),2种线虫从高到低的顺序为:White trap法>Lowtek法>固体培养>液体培养;产量最高的是固体培养法,其次是液体培养法,Lowtek法最低;繁殖成本从低到高的顺序为:Lowtek法<固体培养