不同根际细菌对南方根结线虫抑制效果的研究

采用稀释平板涂布方法从番茄根结土壤中初步筛选出对明胶有水解作用的菌株。通过各菌株发酵上清液对南方根结线虫二龄幼虫死亡率和虫卵孵化率抑制作用,以及拮抗菌悬浮处理番茄根系30 d后观察番茄根结数量变化,进一步筛选获得高效菌株。通过16S rDNA基因序列分析,对能显著抑制根结线虫生长的2株菌株进行了鉴定。结果表明:筛选出了10株对明胶有明显水解圈的细菌,其中菌株BTG和X5具有较强的明胶水解能力。菌株BTG和X5发酵的上清液处理二龄幼虫24 h后的死亡率比无菌上清液处理死亡率提高了72.13%和62.14%;而用菌株上清液处理14 d后的虫卵孵化率比无菌上清液处理的孵化率降低了38.62%和30.73%。菌株BTG和X5的菌悬液处理的番茄根结数比不加菌悬液对照处理根结数分别降低了80.49%和73.17%。经16S rDNA基因序列分析表明,菌株BTG和X5都属于芽孢杆菌。通过比较各株细菌对二龄幼虫(J2)死亡率,虫卵孵化率及番茄根结数量的影响,筛选出了2株可用于生物防治作物根结线虫的芽孢杆菌。     

Phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity in chilli CM-334 infected by Phytophthora capsici and Nacobbus aberrans

We tested the hypothesis that PAL activity in chilli plants CM-334 inoculated with Nacobbus aberrans (Na) alone or in combination with Phytophthora capsici (Pc), is lower than in those inoculated only with Pc. At 21 days after nematode inoculation, inoculated plants showed a significant (P < 0.01) reduction of 48% in PAL activity compared to those non-inoculated in two separate experiments. In two other tests, where plants were inoculated with the oomycete 21 days after inoculation with the nematode, PAL activity at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 24 h after inoculation with Pc was significantly higher (Tukey, P < 0.01) in plants inoculated only with Pc than in plants inoculated only with Na or both pathogens (Na+Pc).     

Variability in infection and reproduction of Meloidogyne javanica on tomato rootstocks with the Mi resistance gene

The response of 10 commercial or experimental tomato rootstocks with the Mi resistance gene to an initial inoculum of a Mi‐avirulent population of Meloidogyne javanica was determined in pot tests conducted in spring and summer. In a field test, the rootstocks were subjected to continuous exposure to high initial population densities (2050 ± 900 second‐stage juveniles (J2) per 250 cm³ soil) of the nematode. The presence of the Mi locus in the resistant rootstocks and cultivars was confirmed using the PCR co‐dominant markers REX‐1 and Mi23. Nematode infectivity (egg masses) and reproduction (eggs g^?1 root) were highly variable in the spring tests. Rootstocks PG76, Gladiator and MKT‐410 consistently responded as highly resistant, with nematode multiplication rate (Pf/Pi) < 1 and reproduction index (RI) < 10%, and they were as efficient as standard resistant tomato cultivars at nematode suppression. The relative resistance levels of rootstocks Brigeor, 42851, 43965, Big Power and He‐Man varied depending on the susceptible standard used for reference or the duration of the test. Rootstocks Beaufort and Maxifort were susceptible to M. javanica (Pf/Pi > 50 and RI > 50%). Rootstocks PG76 and He‐Man, and the resistant tomato cv. Caramba showed high levels of resistance in the test conducted in summer, whereas MKT‐410 and 42851 and the resistant tomato cv. Monika were moderately resistant. In the field, seven rootstocks showed high levels of resistance and one (He‐Man) showed an intermediate level, whereas Beaufort and Maxifort were susceptible.     

Exploring patterns of Camellia seed cake application in relation to plant growth,soil nematodes and microbial biomass

ABSTRACT

The suppression of plant-parasitic nematodes is crucial for maintaining the worldwide development of the banana industry. In this study, different application patterns of Camellia seed cake previously reported to suppress root-knot nematode were conducted to manage pests and promote banana seedling growth. The results demonstrated seven days delay before transplanting was necessary after Camellia seed cake application. The dose 5 g/kg soil resulted in best plant growth promotion performance, which increased banana seedling height, stem diameter, shoot, and root fresh weight by upto 29%, 27%, 47%, and 21%, respectively. Plastic film mulching was beneficial when high amount (2%) of Camellia seed cake was added. The application of Camellia seed cake increased nutrient potassium amounts; the abundance of soil free-living nematodes, especially bacterivores; and the abundance of soil microbes and the soil catalase activity, while reduced plant-parasitic nematodes amounts. Further correlation analysis between the soil nematodes and microbial abundance showed that plant-parasite numbers had significant negative correlations with the bacterial biomass and a portion of the fungal biomass; bacterivores had significant positive correlations with the bacterial biomass; and omnivores had significant correlations with the bacterial biomass and fungal biomass. A fundamental challenge of root-knot nematode control is to sustain ecological services without losing biodiversity. This study provided an environmentally friendly strategy based on Camellia seed cake to regulate the soil health and quality.     

虾稻共作对稻田土壤线虫群落结构的影响

农业生态系统利用种间互惠将种植业与养殖业相结合,既能提高农作物产量,也能减少化肥农药等对环境的危害。本研究以土壤线虫作为指示生物,研究外来物种克氏原螯虾与水稻种养结合模式对稻田土壤生态系统的影响,为虾稻共作模式下稻田生态系统的健康和可持续利用提供依据。通过比较水稻单作和虾稻共作,分别在水稻分蘖期、抽穗期和成熟期采集土壤样品,分析土壤线虫群落结构。结果表明:与水稻单作相比,虾稻共作土壤中食细菌线虫的百分比较高(分蘖期增加了26.52%,抽穗期增加了19.85%,成熟期增加了32.65%),同时机会主义cp1线虫类群所占百分比较高(分蘖期增加了31.13%,抽穗期增加了24.91%,成熟期增加了19.49%),说明虾稻共作生态系统中农田土壤养分循环较快,土壤呈养分富集。但是,虾稻共作农田土壤中捕食杂食性线虫、cp3~5线虫类群百分比较低(P0.05),同时成熟度指数也显著低于水稻单作。因此,在克氏原螯虾的影响下,稻田土壤食物网趋于简化,土壤的生物稳定性有下降趋势,故需要进一步加强虾稻共作对稻田土壤健康长期影响的监测和研究。     

含水量和装载量对松木片吸附溴甲烷的影响

在18℃、RH为60%～70%室内恒温条件下,对不同含水率和不同装载量的松木片的熏蒸结果表明:松木片含水量对溴甲烷熏蒸处理效果影响明显。在18℃、8g/m3处理24h,松材线虫死亡率(y)与碎木片含水量(x)之间关系式为:y=129.654-1.062x(R=0.967);碎木片对溴甲烷的吸附随水分含量升高而增加,58%、55%、49%含水率的碎木片对溴甲烷的吸附与含水率为30%、37%碎木片的吸附差异显著。载量对溴甲烷熏蒸处理松木片中松材线虫影响显著,松材线虫死亡率(y)与松木片载量(x)之间关系式为:y=105.809-0.247x(R=0.973);随实验碎木片载量的增加,对溴甲烷的吸附量也加大。     

昆虫病原线虫的脱水休眠

昆虫病原线虫在长期储存方面的劣势影响其广泛应用。脱水休眠是昆虫病原线虫感染期幼虫在缺水条件下进入的一种生命暂停现象,是昆虫病原线虫对抗恶劣环境的一种策略。本文介绍了昆虫病原线虫脱水休眠的研究现状,对其诱导方法、生理生化和分子机理等方面的研究进展进行了综述。     

连作年限对番茄根围土壤根结线虫二龄幼虫与自由生活线虫数量的影响

 保护地连作是根结线虫为害严重的主要原因,为评估连作年限对根结线虫数量及其与土壤线虫数量关系,选择典型的不同连作时间的保护地(种植番茄),研究番茄生长期间根围土壤不同土层的根结线虫二龄幼虫(second-stage juveniles,J2)与自由生活线虫数量的动态变化。结果表明:根结线虫J2数量随连作年限增加而增多,0和5-year土壤中根结线虫数量少,平均根结线虫数为1.1和2.1条/100g干土,8、10和12-year土壤中根结线虫数量平均值分别为154.9、68.3和861.8条/100g干土;在0~30cm土层,根结线虫J2数量随土层加深而增加,主要分布在20~30cm土层。土壤自由生活线虫数量随土层的增加而增多,连作对自由生活线虫数量无显著影响。0和5-year土壤中根结线虫群体占土壤线虫总数的比例小,属稀有类群,在土壤线虫中处于稳定的群落结构状态。连作8、10和12-year的土壤中根结线虫J2为优势类群,土壤中自由生活线虫数量与根结线虫数量呈现相反的趋势,根结线虫J2占土壤线虫总数的比例增加,自由生活线虫与根结线虫J2数量的比值显著降低(P<0.05)。     

3株真菌发酵液对番茄根结线虫的防治效果

利用3个真菌菌株ZB-4、ZW-3、XX-8的发酵液对蕃茄根结线虫2龄幼虫进行室内离体活性测定和温室盆栽的防效试验。结果表明:供试3个菌株不同稀释倍数的发酵液在处理后24、48和72 h对番茄根结线虫都有一定的抑制作用,其中3个菌株的2倍发酵液在处理后72 h对番茄根结线虫2龄幼虫的校正抑制率分别为95.27%、91.27%、86.58%;4倍发酵液在处理后72 h对番茄根结线虫2龄幼虫的校正抑制率分别为68.52%、84.05%、60.33%。在温室盆栽试验中,用3个菌株的2倍发酵液处理番茄苗,与对照相比,处理后45 d番茄根结线虫的减退率分别达到46.7%、43.3%、36.7%,防治效果分别达到23.81%、19.52%、35.71%。此外,处理后22 d和45 d的调查结果显示,3个菌株的2倍发酵液对番茄生长有一定的促进作用。     

甘肃桃抗南方根结线虫性状的SRAP标记

以桃野生近缘种红根甘肃桃（Prunus kansuensis）与贝蕾[P. persica（L.）Batsch.]杂交的BC1代190株后代为试材,采用SRAP分子标记进行遗传分析。通过筛选在亲本中扩增稳定且多态性丰富的53对SRAP引物进行后代分析,获得来自红根甘肃桃且符合1︰1分离比例的标记115个。应用Mapmaker/Exp 3.0分析软件构建了红根甘肃桃的SRAP分子连锁图谱。该图谱共8个连锁群,包含103个标记,其中102个SRAP标记、1个抗南方根结线虫（Meloidogyne incognita）标记,总图距994.2 cM,每个连锁群的平均长度为124.3 cM,标记间平均图距为9.6 cM。抗南方根结线虫标记Mi-redkansu位于第5连锁群,并获得与其紧密连锁的SRAP标记,其遗传距离为2.1 cM。以36株F2代群体作为验证,检验标记的准确性为91.7%。