Temporal variability in water quality of agricultural tailwaters: Implications for water quality monitoring

Accurate assessments of non-point source pollution and the associated evaluation of mitigation strategies depend on effective water quality monitoring programs. Intensive irrigation season water quality monitoring was conducted on three agricultural drains (6 h to daily sampling) along with analysis of decade long records from two larger agricultural drains (biweekly to monthly sampling) in the San Joaquin Valley, California. Analyses revealed significant temporal variability in concentrations of nutrients, salts, and turbidity over short time-scales (<1 day), as well as significant differences in monthly and annual mean concentrations. Statistical techniques were used to evaluate the sampling intensity required to meet rigorous confidence and accuracy criteria, as well as to evaluate the efficacy of different sampling strategies (e.g. grab samples versus composite samples). The number of samples required to determine mean constituent concentrations within 20% of the mean at a 95% confidence level ranged from 2 to 39 samples per month (SPM) for total phosphorus, 1-16 SPM for total nitrogen, 5-25 SPM for turbidity, and 1-3 SPM for electrical conductivity. Using a daily composite sample (4 subsamples per composite) instead of discrete samples was shown to maintain the same accuracy and confidence standards, while reducing the required sample number by up to 50%. This study emphasizes the value of a statistical approach for evaluating water quality monitoring strategies, and provides a framework through which cost-benefit analysis can be implemented in the development of monitoring plans.     

Determining reference values for stem water potential and maximum daily trunk shrinkage in young apple trees based on plant responses to water deficit

The use of plant water status indicators such as midday stem water potential (Ψ_stem) and maximum daily trunk shrinkage (MDS) in irrigation scheduling requires the definition of a reference or threshold value, beyond which irrigation is necessary. These reference values are generally obtained by comparing the seasonal variation of plant water status with the environmental conditions under non-limiting soil water availability. In the present study an alternative approach is presented based on the plant’s response to water deficit. A drought experiment was carried out on two apple cultivars (Malus domestica Borkh. ‘Mutsu’ and ‘Cox Orange’) in which both indicators (Ψ_stem and MDS) were related to several plant physiological responses. Sap flow rates, maximum net photosynthesis rates and daily radial stem growth (DRSG) (derived from continuous stem diameter variation measurements) were considered in the assessment of the approach. Depending on the chosen plant response in relationship with Ψ_stem or MDS, the obtained reference values varied between −1.04 and −1.46 MPa for Ψ_stem and between 0.17 and 0.28 mm for MDS. In both cultivars, the approach based on maximum photosynthesis rates resulted in less negative Ψ_stem values and smaller MDS values, compared to the approaches with sap flow and daily radial stem growth. In the well-irrigated apple trees, day-to-day variations in midday Ψ_stem and MDS were related to the evaporative demand. These variations were more substantial for MDS than for midday Ψ_stem.     

沈阳市河流生态建设项目实施建议

近年来,因干旱少雨等自然灾害影响及人类生产活动对环境的破坏,致使一些中小河流生态功能遭到不同程度的破坏。结合沈阳市近年来河流生态建设的实施情况,从工程措施和生物措施两方面详细介绍了针对不同河流状况的生态建设措施,对今后类似工程建设提供借鉴。     

104份甘肃小麦品种脂肪氧化酶和多酚氧化酶活性基因等位变异的检测

面粉和面制品的色泽是评价小麦品质的重要指标。小麦脂肪氧化酶(LOX)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性对面粉白度及面制品的色泽具有重要影响。为给甘肃省小麦品质育种提供参考依据,以104份甘肃省育成的小麦品种为材料,利用功能标记LOX16、LOX18、PPO18、PPO16和PPO29检测TaLox-B1、PpoA1及Ppo-D1位点的等位变异,分析甘肃小麦品种资源中LOX和PPO活性基因的组成和分布特点。结果表明,在甘肃小麦中,等位变异TaLox-B1a和TaLox-B1b的频率分别为22.12%和77.88%;其中,甘肃冬小麦品种高LOX活性等位变异TaLox-B1a的分布频率(30.56%)高于春小麦(3.13%)。等位变异Ppo-A1a、PpoA1b、Ppo-D1a和Ppo-D1b的频率分别为49.04%、50.96%、50.96%和49.04%;两个PPO基因的等位变异组合Ppo-A1a/Ppo-D1b、Ppo-A1a/Ppo-D1a、Ppo-A1b/Ppo-D1b和Ppo-A1b/Ppo-D1a的分布频率依次为28.85%、20.19%、20.19%和30.77%。说明在甘肃小麦品种中,低LOX活性等位变异(TaLox-B1b)品种比例较高;低PPO活性等位变异(Ppo-A1b、Ppo-D1a)品种分布比例略高于高PPO活性类型;其中,32份小麦品种在TaLox-B1、Ppo-A1和Ppo-D1三个位点同时含有高LOX活性和低PPO活性的等位变异。     

建阳市崇阳溪鱼类资源现状调查与保护对策

2007年10月至2012年2月对崇阳溪鱼类资源进行了调查,共设4个断面采样。结果共采集到鱼类75种,分属5目16科54属。种类组成以鲤形目鱼类为主,共4科39属51种,占总种数的68．0%,鲶形目次之,共4科6属11种,占14．7%;按科统计,鲤科鱼类最多,共40种,占总种数的53．3%,鮠科次之,共7种,占9．3%。4个断面渔获物的鱼类种类组成基本相同,但单种鱼类重量占总渔获物重量的百分比大于5%的主要种类组成差异较大。4个断面的单船（排）平均日捕捞量不同,回瑶断面的最高,芦上断面的最低。渔获物中个体小型化、低龄化现象严重。     

藏东南高寒土坡面细沟水流输沙能力变化特征

为探究高寒土坡面细沟侵蚀过程机理,建立科学的坡面细沟输沙能力因子模型,服务高寒坡面水土流失治理工作,以藏东南高寒土壤为研究对象,采用室内径流放水冲刷试验,探讨不同流量和坡度条件下细沟水流输沙能力特征。结果表明：（1）高寒土坡面细沟水流输沙能力的临界坡长随输沙能力的增加而变短,范围为3.27~8.31 m;坡度在15°~25°时,临界坡长大约稳定在5.0 m;（2）不同坡度下,高寒土细沟水流输沙能力与流量表现为明显的线性正相关关系（T_c=Aq）;小坡度的输沙能力受流量的影响程度大于大坡度;（3）高寒土细沟水流输沙能力与坡度可以用指数方程较好地表示（T_c=-ae^（-S/b）+c）,输沙能力随坡度的增大先快速增大,后逐渐过渡到平稳,当坡度达到15°时增幅平缓;（4）坡面细沟水流输沙能力可以用二元幂函数方程T_c=1697.83S^0.491q^1.043表示。通过本模型与其他模型的比较分析,ANSWERS模型在计算高寒土的坡面细沟水流输沙能力还值得商榷,本试验模型、Lei模型与Gao模型均能较好地模拟高寒区细沟侵蚀输沙能力。     

工程堆积体坡面不同植被格局的控蚀效果研究

为探明不同植被格局对工程堆积体陡坡坡面土壤侵蚀的影响,采用10,20,30 L/min 3种放水流量,对黄土区不同格局（裸坡、坡顶、坡中、坡底、条带）下的高陡边坡（32°,20 m×1 m）进行模拟放水试验,选取径流率、产沙率、减流效益、减沙效益等因子对堆积体坡面植被的控蚀效果进行分析。结果表明：3种放水流量下,条带、坡顶、坡中、坡底的平均径流率较裸坡分别减小57.33%,61.17%,41.62%,24.78%,平均产沙率较裸坡分别减小74.99%,61.10%,55.01%,46.43%,且径流率与产沙率的线性关系（R²=0.57~0.80,p<0.01）整体上弱于裸坡（R²=0.71,p<0.01）。不同植被格局中,条带及坡顶格局的减流效益分别是65.97%,60.52%,减沙效益分别为71.44%,57.22%,二者的控蚀效果远高于其他格局。产沙率与径流功率的线性相关性（R²=0.61~0.83,p<0.01）高于径流剪切力（R²=0.29~0.76,p<0.01）,径流功率能更好地反映堆积体坡面土壤侵蚀机制。     

成都典型区轮作与土壤特征类型对有机碳密度影响力比较研究

研究分析轮作制度与土壤特征类型对农田土壤有机碳密度变异的主导作用程度,对提高农田土壤固碳潜力具有重要意义。基于2010年在新都区和郫县采集的土壤样点数据,利用方差分析和逐步回归分析方法研究分析土壤特征类型(土壤质地、土壤亚类、成土母质)和轮作制度对成都平原典型区农田土壤有机碳密度(SOCD)变异的影响,比较土壤特征类型与轮作制度对土壤有机碳密度变异的影响力。结果显示:土壤特征类型和轮作制度均对SOCD的变异具有显著影响,特别是土壤质地类型,其中黏粒含量与各土层的SOCD之间均存在极显著正相关性(P0.01);与轮作制度影响力比较,土壤特征类型对SOCD变异性影响起主导作用,能够分别解释SOCD在0~40、0~20和20~40 cm土层变异性的35.9%、43.0%和16.8%;而轮作制度对SOCD变异性影响表现在0~40和0~20 cm土层,SOCD逐步回归解释能力在土壤特征类型基础上仅增加2.2%和4.5%,轮作制度影响力不足以改变土壤特征类型对区域土壤有机碳密度变异的影响地位。研究和揭示区域农田土壤有机碳密度变异及其驱动力,更应注重土壤特征的影响力,轮作制度影响力可以被忽略。     

基于SWAT模型的衢江流域土地利用变化径流模拟研究

以衢江流域作为研究对象,收集流域植被、气候、土壤、水文和地图资料,基于ArcGIS 10.3平台建立了衢江流域SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool)模型。结果表明:率定期和验证期模拟月径流与实测值的相关系数(R2)大于0.83,纳什系数(Ens)大于0.69,模型可以较好地模拟衢江流域径流过程。2000—2015年衢江流域土地利用类型均以林地和农地为主,二者约占流域总面积的98%,其他土地利用类型面积合计不足2%;研究时段内,建设用地面积大幅增加,其他土地利用类型变幅较小。2000年、2005年、2010年、2015年四期土地利用情景下月径流过程变化趋势基本一致,2015年径流量比2000年增加0.27%,水量平衡各分量在四期土地利用情景下差值为1.1～3.8mm。不同情景模拟分析发现,流域内草地面积较小,草地转化为林地对地表径流和水量平衡的影响较小,而农地全部转化为林地,地表径流比当前土地利用模式减少15.0%,同时深层水分渗漏增加5.7%。因此,2000—2015年土地利用方式的微小变化不会显著影响衢江流域径流和水量平衡,研究区林地面积持续增加,将进一步减少地表径流,增加深层水分渗漏,补给地下水。     

退耕林地麻栎刺槐林壤中流及其磷素流失特征

为研究退耕还林后林地对壤中流磷素的调控效果,探究雨强对壤中流磷素流失的影响,选取鲁中南山区典型麻栎林、刺槐林和麻栎—刺槐混交林为研究对象,以荒草地为对照,采用模拟降雨试验方法,研究林地壤中流及磷素流失特征。结果表明:(1)林地壤中流占总产流的36.16%～46.93%,荒草地壤中流比例为18.58%,林地雨水下渗能力高于荒草地的,其中麻栎—刺槐混交林雨水下渗能力最好。随着雨强的增大,林地壤中流比例由54.34%减小到37.62%。(2)林地壤中流TP流失量低于荒草地的,为荒草地的45.88%～63.25%。林地TP总流失量比荒草地少55.32%～77.43%,与荒草地相比,林地对磷素的调控效果更优,其中麻栎—刺槐混交林的调控效果最好。随雨强的增大,林地壤中流TP流失量增加了0.68～1.33倍。(3)林地和荒草地的壤中流TP流失量占TP总流失量的12.12%～25.00%,壤中流TP流失在TP总流失中占据一定比例,在磷素流失中不容忽视。随着雨强增加,林地壤中流TP流失比例由30.66%下降到10.62%。研究成果对探究林地壤中流磷素流失规律和改善生态环境具有重要参考价值。