杀菌剂多菌灵在桑叶中的消解动态研究

多菌灵(carbendazim)是家蚕微粒子病的防治药物。将50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂分别稀释至1000和500倍药液后喷洒桑树,用高效液相色谱(HPLC)检测桑叶中多菌灵的残留和消解动态。结果表明:桑树喷洒稀释1000倍的多菌灵药液后,桑叶中药物的消解动态方程为Ct=4.5339e-0.2215t,药物的半衰期T1/2=3.13d;喷洒稀释500倍的多菌灵药液后,桑叶中药物的消解动态方程为Ct=6.0527e-0.1030t,药物的半衰期T1/2=6.73d。多菌灵在桑叶中的残留与消解动态显示低浓度(稀释1000倍)的药液在桑叶中的降解更快,所以建议生产上适当采用高浓度药液喷施桑树,并根据相应的药物消解动态数据确定桑叶采摘时期,以保证家蚕食下药叶对微粒子病的防治效果。     

生长猪大米蛋白消化能、代谢能的评定及预测模型研究

本试验通过采集我国多个地区大米蛋白样品,分析大米蛋白常规成分,测定生长猪消化能(DE)、代谢能(ME),建立大米蛋白常规成分与生长猪DE、ME之间的关系。试验选用体重(33.0±1.3)kg的"杜×长×大"三元杂交健康去势公猪12头,采用2个6×6拉丁方试验设计,包括1种基础饲粮和11种大米蛋白替代15%基础饲粮的试验饲粮。采用全收粪法和套算法结合测定大米蛋白猪DE、ME,并将大米蛋白的常规成分与猪DE、ME进行相关和回归分析,建立大米蛋白猪DE、ME预测模型。结果表明,11种大米蛋白风干基础下猪DE为(18.13±1.12)M J/kg,M E为(16.44±1.59)M J/kg。由此得出,大米蛋白猪DE最佳预测模型(绝干基础)为DE=22.17-0.51NDF(R2=0.50,RSD=0.93),DE=18.58-0.49 CF+0.31 EE(R2=0.70,RSD=0.77);M E最佳预测模型(绝干基础)为ME=21.42-0.74 NDF(R2=0.52,RSD=1.30)。NDF为大米蛋白猪DE、M E最佳预测因子。     

Advances on the Biosynthesis Mechanism of Bacterial Polysaccharides

Polysaccharide is the major component of bacterial cell that plays a significant role in the interaction between bacteria and their hosts. It aids the identification of bacteria, imparting virulence to the bacteria and adjusting host's immune response as well. Advance genomics research has deciphered several different bacterial polysaccharides sharing a common biosynthesis mechanism. The study of polysaccharides is mainly based on sequence analysis and prediction of genome in combination with metabolite analyses that still requires a detailed study. Researchers are now further focusing on their biosynthetic pathways to unveil the mechanisms underlying the diversity of these bacterial polysaccharides along with the host-pathogen interaction. It will open new doors for vaccine development and other therapeutic methods against pathogenic bacteria, and also provide technical support to control disease and cure at molecular level. This review states the mechanisms and relevant problems of biosynthesis and in vitro biosynthesis of peptidoglycan,O-antigen and capsular polysaccharides,and summarizes the application of bacteria polysaccharides in the aspects of searching for candidate antigens and controlling the targets of pathogenic bacteria and exploring genetic evolution of bacteria and biological synthesis.     

米糠水溶性多糖提取工艺的研究

通过单因素试验和L9(34)正交试验,研究水料比、提取温度、提取时间和乙醇浓度对多糖得率的影响。结果表明,乙醇浓度和提取温度是影响米糠水溶性多糖提取的主要因素,热水浸提的最佳工艺方案为水料比20∶1,提取温度110℃,提取时间4h,乙醇浓度95%,在此工艺条件下,米糠水溶性多糖的得率为0.92%。应用650W功率的微波对米糠进行预处理,然后采用最佳热水浸提工艺进行提取,结果表明,米糠经中火力的微波预处理4min再用热水浸提,多糖得率明显增加,达到1.33%。     

断奶仔猪腹泻病因分析

为了解云南省断奶仔猪腹泻的致病性原因,通过对30个发生断奶仔猪腹泻猪场的210份粪便、60份饮用水,总计270份样品,进行病毒及致病性细菌分析。研究结果表明,致病性大肠杆菌严重污染饮用水,致病性大肠杆菌在饮用水中检出40株,阳性率为66.7%,粪便中检出100株,阳性率47.6%;致病性沙门氏菌在饮用水中检出10株,阳性率为16.7%,粪便中检出24株,阳性率为11.4%,均对亚胺培南敏感。在粪便中猪流行性腹泻病毒(porcine epidemic diarrhea virus,PEDV)、猪圆环病毒2型(porcine circovirous type 2,PCV2)、猪伪狂犬病病毒(pseudorabies virus,PRV)、猪瘟病毒(classical swine fever virus,CSFV)、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus,PRRSV)及猪轮状病毒(porcine rotavirus,PoRV)的PCR扩增阳性率为5.2%~13.0%,在饮用水中未检出。通过对云南省断奶仔猪腹泻进行病因分析,了解断奶仔猪腹泻的具体原因,本试验结果为从病因入手防制该病提供更合理、更切合实际情况的理论依据与试验参考。     

Determination of bacteria constituting ruminal fibrolytic consortia developed on orchard grass hay stem

To determine the relationship between Fibrobacter succinogenes and other rumen bacteria, the bacterial community structure on fiber was analyzed by using two different materials. These were ruminally incubated orchard grass hay stems without and with preincubation with F. succinogenes (natural and artificial consortia, respectively). The natural consortium mainly consisted of Firmicutes (56.6%) and Bacteroidetes (33.1%), while the artificial consortium showed a significantly higher proportion of Firmicutes (85.5%) and a lower proportion of Bacteroidetes (4.6%). At species or genus level, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, the U2 group, Ruminococcus albus and Lachnospiraceae incertae sedis made up a higher proportion in the artificial consortium. The most dominant bacterial group was the Butyrivibrio‐Pseudobutyrivibrio‐Lachnospiraceae incertae sedis group, which accounted for 19.7% in the natural and 29.5% in the artificial consortium. Within the genus Butyrivibrio, the phylogenetic groups SA and VA2 and phylogeny‐undefined Butyribivrio, but not VA1, were detected at high frequency in the artificial consortium. These results suggest that ecological and possibly functional relationships exist in the rumen among F. succinogenes, a subset of B. fibrisolvens, the U2 group, R. albus and Lachnospiraceae incertae sedis.     

Interleukin 1, a mediator of immunoadjuvant peptidoglycans

Bacterial peptidoglycans and the synthetic analog muramyl dipeptide possess various immunomodulating properties (adjuvant effect, increase of resistance to infectious agents and to tumor growth). They are able to induce B cell activation and to stimulate macrophages to produce monokines such as Interleukin 1 (IL 1). IL 1 plays an essential role in immune response. It promotes thymocytes maturation and Interleukin 2 secretion by antigen sensitive T cells, which in turn triggers regulatory T cells. Moreover, it is involved in the proliferation and differentiation of B cells.

There is a correlation between the immunoenhancing effect of PG of a definite structure and their ability to induce IL 1 secretion. Non-adjuvant PG were inactive. This suggests that one of the major mechanisms of action of adjuvant PG could be the stimulation of IL 1 synthesis.     

Virulence, cytotoxic and inflammatory activities of Vibrio anguillarum and Aeromonas salmonicida isolated from cultivated salmonid fish in Sweden

Extracellular products in culture filtrates of Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. achromogenes and Vibrio anguillarum isolated from infected fish have been shown to possess skin inflammatory factor. The extracellular products from Vibrio anguillarum were cytotoxic in HeLa and CHO cells. In addition to the skin lesions, the culture filtrates of V. anguillarum caused necrotic reaction on the rabbit skin. Five of 6 strains of V. anguillarum were lethal to mice after intraperitoneal administration of 3×10⁷ CFU. Only 1 strain of 5 A. salmonicida subsp. achromogenes produced extracellular products which elicited cytotoxic effects in the CHO cells. None of the A. salmonicida subsp. achromogenes strains were lethal to mice. The cytotoxins were inactivated when heated at 65°C for 30 min. The results indicate that the thermolabile exotoxins are non-enterotoxic since they failed to stimulate fluid accumulation in the rabbit ileal loop and did not cause elongation of the CHO cells. The rounding off of CHO cells, as well as of HeLa cells indicate that the exotoxins may play an important role in fish diseases.     

稻草与氨化稻草干物质采食量的模型化研究

本研究分别以稻草、氨化稻草为唯一能量和蛋白质来源,实测了山羊稻草、氨化稻草的干物质采食量(DMI),并借鉴现有成熟模型,建立了以稻草、氨化稻草的中性洗涤纤维(NDF)为预测因子的干物质采食量预测模型:DMI稻(g/d.kgMW)=30/NDF(%DM),DMI氨稻(g/d.kgMW)=39/NDF(%DM)。经验证,稻草、氨化稻草DMI预测模型的平均偏差(MD)分别为0.48g/d.kgMW与0.85g/d.kgMW,相应的平均预测方差(MSPE)为0.3599与1.0124。稻草与氨化稻草的MD、MSPE均很低,表明所建DMI预测模型精确可用。