西北干旱灌溉区种植春小麦和牧草对耕地盐渍化的影响

[目的]研究西北干旱灌溉区种植春小麦和牧草对耕地盐渍化的影响差异,为该区防治土壤次生盐渍化工作提供科学依据。[方法]以小麦(Triticum aestivum)和混播牧草披碱草/苜蓿(Elymus dahuricus/Medicago sativa)及其下部土壤为研究对象,通过测定植被的盖度、高度、地上生物量及其下部土壤的水、盐含量等指标,来分析和比较种植春小麦和牧草对耕地盐渍化的影响,以及不同植被特征指标与土壤水、电导率间的定量关系。[结果]小麦和牧草的盖度、高度、地上生物量均随生长时间的延长呈显著升高趋势。小麦收获后,小麦地裸露类似于裸地,而牧草继续生长并保持覆盖耕地。当耕地被植被覆盖时,其地表的日照强度、表层土壤(0—5cm)的温度和盐含量均显著低于裸地,而地表的湿度和表层土壤的含水率正好相反,均显著高于裸地。相关分析显示,植被地上生物量与土壤含水率、植被盖度与土壤盐含量间相关性最强,土壤含水率与盐含量间呈显著负相关关系。进一步回归分析显示,植被地上生物量每提高1kg/m2,可使植被覆盖区的表层土壤含水率升高6%,盖度每提高1%,可使表层土壤的电导率降低2.2μS/cm。[结论]西北干旱灌溉区种植春小麦因生育期较短易引发土壤的次生盐渍化,而牧草覆盖耕地时间较长可预防耕地发生盐渍化危害。     

Physico‐chemical characterization of humic‐metal‐phosphate complexes and their potential application to the manufacture of new types of phosphate‐based fertilizers

The aim of this review is to describe the main physicochemical characteristics of diverse types of humic‐metal‐phosphate acid complexes. The effects of these complexes on phosphorus (P) fixation in soils with different pH values and physicochemical features and on plant phosphorus uptake are also discussed. Humic‐metal‐phosphate complexes have apparent stability constants in the same range as those of metal‐humic complexes, in solutions with diverse pH and ionic‐strength values. Likewise, the molecular‐size distribution of humic‐metal‐phosphate complexes as a function of pH is similar to that of potassium or sodium humates and metal‐humic complexes. Humic‐metal‐phosphate complexes are able to decrease phosphate fixation in soils and increase plant growth and phosphate uptake. Phosphorus fertilizers containing humic‐metal‐phosphate complexes proved to be efficient to improve plant growth and P uptake with respect to conventional fertilizers such as single superphosphate. The values of parameters related to plant phosphorus‐utilization efficiency (PUt E) suggest that the regulation of root acquisition of phosphate from these complexes could involve the interregulation of a system for the optimization of metabolic P utilization in the shoot and another system involving stress responses of roots under phosphorus deficiency.     

Amelioration Effects of Crop Residues with Different Chemical Components on an Acidic Tea Garden Soil

Various crop residues were applied to a strongly acidic tea garden soil to investigate their performance in ameliorating soil acidity. A laboratory study found the performance of crop residues on soil acid amelioration was mainly determined by the combined effect of nitrogen (N) transformation, cation exchange, and ash alkalinity. Nitrogen transformation was varied for different crop residues added, but followed N regulation, resulting in an adverse liming effect. It was assumed that during the release of ash alkalinity, cations replaced soil exchangeable acidity in soil solution, which largely diminished the liming effect of ash alkalinity. That was why soil pH was highly correlated with N transformation process. Furthermore, soil pH was positively correlated with carbon (C)/N ratios of crop residues both in low-level treatment (R ² = 0.955) and in high-level treatment (R ² = 0.981). Therefore, crop residues with relative high C/N ratios were considered to be more suitable for long-term pH adjustment of tea garden soils.     

土壤侵蚀对生态系统的影响

每年在世界陆地生态系统中大约有750亿t的土壤被侵蚀掉。农用地土壤流失速率在13~40 t/(hm2.a)之间,因为土壤形成非常缓慢,这就意味着土壤流失速率是更新速率的13~40倍。降雨和风力是耕地或裸地的两个主要侵蚀营力,当土壤缺乏植被覆盖保护时侵蚀就发生了。土壤侵蚀造成水分、养分、土壤有机质、生物区系、土壤厚度等的流失或减少因而使土地生产力降低。土壤侵蚀加剧了由于人口的快速增长而带来的食物短缺问题的威胁。于是人们便开垦森林以弥补荒废的侵蚀农用地的损失。     

Effects of difference in fertilization treatments on nitrification activity in tea soils

Abstract

It is generally recognized that the nitrification activity in acid soils is very low. Indeed, nitrification in mineral soils has been found to be negligible at pH values below 5.0 (Dancer et al. 1973; Nyborg and Hoyt 1978). However, it was reported that autotrophic nitrification occurred in some tea soils at pH levels far below 5.0 (Walker and Wickramasinghe 1979; Hayatsu and Kosuge 1993). An acidophilic ammonia-oxidizing bacterium has been recently isolated from strongly acidic tea soils in Japan (Hayatsu 1993). On the other hand, fertilization has-been considered to be an important factor influencing nitrification in agricultural soils. For example, several studies have shown that the addition of ammoniacal fertilizer to soils can lead to the increase of the populations of Nitrosomonas (McLaren 1971; Ardakani et al. 1974). Liming of acidic soils also tends to stimulate the nitrification activity (Dancer et al. 1973; Nyborg and Hoyt 1978). Although nitrification has been studied in a wide variety of agricultural soils, there is little information available on nitrification in tea soils. The effect of fertilization on nitrification in tea soils is poorly documented.     

化学洗涤法修复石油污染土壤研究现状

化学洗涤法修复石油污染土壤具有修复时间短、操作简单、能耗低、适应性广、可资源化回收洗脱石油等优点,从表面活性剂复配、助剂应用、过程强化以及石油污染土壤性质的影响等方面对近年来化学洗涤法修复石油污染土壤的研究进行了评述。为推动该方法的实际应用,尚需深入研究表面活性剂之间、表面活性剂与助剂之间的相互作用机制,系统研究石油污染土壤性质对洗涤工艺的影响,加强关于降低化学洗涤对土壤性能影响方法的研究,深入开展洗涤废水回用及有效处理的研究。     

Can soil moisture deficit be used to forecast when soils are at high risk of damage owing to grazing animals?

A potentially significant cause of damage to grassland soils is compaction of unsaturated soil and poaching of saturated or nearly saturated soil by animal hooves. Damage is caused when an applied stress is in excess of the bearing strength of the soil and results in a loss of soil structure, macroporosity and air or water conductivity. Severely damaged soils can cause reduced grassland productivity and make grazing management very difficult for the farmer. The actual amount of soil damage that can occur during grazing is dependent on the grass cover which acts as a protecting layer, the soil water content and the characteristics of the grazing animal (weight and hoof size). Assuming that the farmer is knowledgeable about the characteristics of the grazing animal and grass cover, it would be very useful for short‐term operational farm planning to be able to predict when soil water contents were likely to be in a critical range with respect to potential hoof damage. In this study soil moisture deficits (SMDs) which can be derived from meteorological forecasts are evaluated for predicting when soil water conditions are likely to lead to hoof damage. Two contrasting Irish grassland soils were analysed using a Hounsfield servo‐mechanical vertical testing machine to simulate static (285.4 N) and dynamic (571 N) hoof loads on the soil over a range of estimated SMDs (0, 5, 10 and 20 mm). The deficits were analysed with respect to the soil volumetric water content, compression (displacement) and change in dry bulk density. The SMDs imposed in the laboratory were similar to those under field conditions and thus the methods used in this study are applicable elsewhere. The change in dry bulk density following loading (0.2–0.7 g/cm³) was linearly related to SMD (R² ranged from 0.90 to 0.99), leading to the conclusion that a forecast of SMD can be used to predict when grassland soils are likely to be at risk of damage from grazing.     

灌区尺度土壤盐渍化调查与评价——以石河子灌区和玛纳斯灌区为例

通过对玛纳斯灌区和石河子灌区土壤采样分析,获得了采样点3层土壤的总盐现状数据。利用地理信息系统软件,绘制灌区不同土壤层次的盐分分布图,定量评价了灌区内土壤盐渍化程度的分布状况。研究表明,石河子灌区和玛纳斯灌区土壤盐分表层大于下层,说明研究区土壤还未脱离积盐趋势,而且玛纳斯灌区各层土壤总盐含量的平均值明显大于石河子灌区;盐分分布图显示两个灌区土壤总盐含量沿着玛纳斯河呈现出规律性分布,流域下游灌区土壤的总盐含量相对较高。两个灌区轻度盐渍化土地所占比例较大,石河子灌区为753.3 km2(73.2%),玛纳斯灌区为1 249.5 km2(91.2%),表明研究区还普遍存在盐渍化的威胁。     

坡面人工植物群落修复对水土流失及控磷的影响

研究地位于巢湖市夏阁镇大庙村,巢湖流域富磷地区小柘皋河上游,该区域开采严重,形成大量的裸露区域,控制该区的水土流失、减少磷流失对巢湖的富营养化具有重要意义.在自然降雨条件下,在坡度为30.的坡地建立15个径流小区,以裸地为对照,研究了5种不同的建植模式:D1(裸地)、D2(狗牙根群落覆盖区)、D3(胡枝子+马棘群落覆盖...     

山地河岸林土壤对硝态氮和铵态氮的截留及影响因素

用人工槽模拟的方法研究文峪河上游三类典型河岸林土壤对硝态氮和铵态氮的截留及影响因素。结果表明,青杨-辽东栎混合林、云杉林和落叶松林河岸带土壤对有效氮的截留量分别为158.38,145.38,142.98 mg/kg。有效氮的截留主要发生在0-10 cm土层。NH+4-N和NO-3-N比例在1.68~1.80之间,土壤截留的有效氮比较稳定。河岸林土壤对有效氮的截留与土壤结构密切相关,与土壤含水量和容重显著负相关。丰富的有机质和全氮促进了有效氮的产生和滞留。土壤酸碱度在截留过程中影响有效氮的截留比,而对有效氮的最终截留量影响较小。