施用芝麻饼肥对植烟根际土壤酶活性和微生物碳、氮的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了施用芝麻饼肥对烟草根际土壤酶活性和微生物C、N的影响。结果表明,施用芝麻饼肥可明显提高根际土壤酶活性和土壤微生物C和N含量,芝麻饼肥和化肥配施(CF)与单施化肥(F)相比,根际土壤脂肪酶、转化酶和脲酶活性分别提高了24.85%～60.00%、23.08%～39.46%和4.17%～56.21%;根际土壤微生物C、N含量分别提高79.88%～97.14%和29.73%～74.96%。表明施用芝麻饼肥土壤生物过程活跃,有利于土壤有机物质的转化和烤烟正常生长所需的营养供应。在烟草不同生育期,根际土壤微生物C和微生物N含量动态变化不同,土壤微生物C含量在现蕾期达到最高值,而土壤微生物N含量高峰出现在团棵期。随着烟草的生长发育土壤微生物N逐渐降低,表明一部分微生物N又被释放出来,以供烟草生长发育需要;到成熟期明显降低,反映出土壤微生物N在协调土壤N素供应方面的重要作用。适量饼肥与化肥配合施用,有利于平衡烟草N素营养,改善烟叶品质。     

Effects of nitrate addition to a diet on fermentation and microbial populations in the rumen of goats,with special reference to Selenomonas ruminantium having the ability to reduce nitrate and nitrite

This study investigated the effects of dietary nitrate addition on ruminal fermentation characteristics and microbial populations in goats. The involvement of Selenomonas ruminantium in nitrate and nitrite reduction in the rumen was also examined. As the result of nitrate feeding, the total concentration of ruminal volatile fatty acids decreased, whereas the acetate : propionate ratio and the concentrations of ammonia and lactate increased. Populations of methanogens, protozoa and fungi, as estimated by real‐time PCR, were greatly decreased as a result of nitrate inclusion in the diet. There was modest or little impact of nitrate on the populations of prevailing species or genus of bacteria in the rumen, whereas Streptococcus bovis and S. ruminantium significantly increased. Both the activities of nitrate reductase (NaR) and nitrite reductase (NiR) per total mass of ruminal bacteria were increased by nitrate feeding. Quantification of the genes encoding NaR and NiR by real‐time PCR with primers specific for S. ruminantium showed that these genes were increased by feeding nitrate, suggesting that the growth of nitrate‐ and nitrite‐reducing S. ruminantium is stimulated by nitrate addition. Thus, S. ruminantium is likely to play a major role in nitrate and nitrite reduction in the rumen.     

异噁唑草酮对玉米根际土壤微生物量碳、氮和酶活性的影响

为明确异噁唑草酮对玉米根际土壤微生物碳、氮及酶活性的影响, 采用田间试验的方法, 以1倍、5倍和10倍田间推荐剂量为供试除草剂剂量, 测定了异噁唑草酮土壤封闭处理对玉米根际土壤微生物量碳、氮及土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、脱氢酶和中性磷酸酶活性的影响。结果表明:推荐剂量的异噁唑草酮对玉米根际土壤微生物量碳、氮含量无显著影响, 5倍和10倍推荐剂量的异噁唑草酮对玉米根际土壤微生物量碳、氮含量具有抑制作用。推荐剂量的异噁唑草酮对玉米根际土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶影响较小, 5倍和10倍推荐剂量的异噁唑草酮对其具有明显的抑制作用。异噁唑草酮对土壤脱氢酶活性具有抑制作用, 且施用剂量越高, 抑制作用越强。异噁唑草酮对土壤中性磷酸酶活性的影响表现为前期促进, 后期抑制, 且施用剂量越大, 促进或抑制作用越强。研究表明:推荐剂量的异噁唑草酮对玉米根际土壤微生物量碳、氮及土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性的影响较小, 但对土壤脱氢酶、中性磷酸酶活性有影响。     

根结线虫危害与健康黄瓜根际土壤微生物群落结构差异分析

为探明黄瓜根结线虫病与根际土壤微生物群落的关系,通过高通量测序分析对比了受根结线虫危害和健康黄瓜根系的根表土和根围土中微生物群落结构组成及丰富度的差异。结果表明,健康黄瓜根表土、健康黄瓜根围土、病害黄瓜根表土和病害黄瓜根围土4组土壤样品之间微生物Alpha多样性无显著差异,但Beta多样性在各组间差异显著。在门水平上,各组间细菌和真菌群落组成相似,但拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）和担子菌门（Basidiomycota）在各组的相对丰度存在显著差异,其中拟杆菌门在病害黄瓜根表土（13.58%）、担子菌门在健康黄瓜根表土（6.69%）中的相对丰度较高。在属水平上,各组间细菌和真菌的组成也基本一致,细菌中黄杆菌属（Flavobacterium）、假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）、链霉菌属（Streptomyces）、根瘤菌属（Rhizobium）、德沃斯氏菌属（Devosia）、鞘氨醇杆菌属（Novosphingobium）、剑菌属（Ensifer）、纤维弧菌属（Cellvibrio）和噬几丁质菌属（Chitinophaga）在不同组中的相对丰度存在显著差异,且均在病害黄瓜根表土...     

Spatially tracking carbon through the root–rhizosphere–soil system using laser ablation‐IRMS

The intimate relationships between plant roots, rhizosphere, and soil are fostered by the release of organic compounds from the plant into soil through various forms of rhizodeposition and the simultaneous harvesting of nutrients from the soil to the plant. Here we present a method to spatially track and map the migration of plant‐derived carbon (C) through roots into the rhizosphere and surrounding soil using laser ablation‐isotope ratio mass spectrometry (LA‐IRMS). We used switchgrass microcosms containing soil from field plots at the Kellogg Biological Station (Hickory Corners, Michigan, USA) which have been cropped with switchgrass since 2008. We used a ¹³CO₂ tracer to isotopically label switchgrass plants for two diel cycles and tracked subsequent movement of labeled C using the spatially specific (< 100 µm resolution) δ¹³C analysis enabled by LA‐IRMS. This approach permitted assessment of variable C flow through different roots and enabled mapping of spatial variability of C allocation to the rhizosphere. Highly ¹³C‐enriched C (consistent with production during the ¹³CO₂ application period) extended ≈ 0.5–1 mm from the root into the soil, suggesting that the majority of recent plant‐derived C was within this distance of the root after 48 h. Tracking the physical extent of root exudation into the rhizosphere can help evaluate the localization of plant‐microbe interactions in highly variable subsurface environments, and the use of the isotopic label can differentiate freshly fixed C (presumably from root exudates) from other types of subsurface C (e.g., plant necromass and microbial turnover). The LA‐IRMS technique may also serve as a valuable screening technique to identify areas of high activity for additional microbial or geochemical assays.     

Modification of total and phosphorus mineralizing bacterial communities associated with Zea mays L. through plant development and fertilization regimes

Harnessing the rhizospheric microbiome, including phosphorus mineralizing bacteria (PMB), is a promising technique for maintaining sustainability and productivity in intensive agricultural systems. However, it is unclear as to which beneficial taxonomic group populations in the rhizosphere are potentially associated with the changes in soil microbiomes shifted by fertilization regimes. Herein, we analyzed the diversity and community structure of total bacteria and PMB in the rhizosphere of maize (Zea mays L.) grown in soils under 25 years of four fertilization regimes (compost, biocompost, chemical, or non-fertilized) via selective culture and Illumina sequencing of the 16S rRNA genes. Plant development explained more variations (29 and 13%, respectively) in the composition of total bacteria and PMB in the rhizosphere of maize than the different fertilization regimes. Among those genera enriched in the rhizosphere of maize, the relative abundances of Oceanobacillus, Bacillus, Achromobacter, Ensifer, Paracoccus, Ramlibacter, and Luteimonas were positively correlated with those in the bulk soil. The relative abundance of Paracoccus was significantly higher in soils fertilized by compost or biocompost than the other soils. Similar results were also observed for PMB affiliated with Ensifer, Bacillus, and Streptomyces. Although plant development was the major factor in shaping the rhizospheric microbiome of maize, fertilization regimes might have modified beneficial rhizospheric microbial taxa such as Bacillus and Ensifer.     

High‐throughput sequencing reveals bacterial community composition in the rhizosphere of the invasive plant Flaveria bidentis

Bacteria are important soil components as both decomposers and plant symbionts and play a major role in plant–microbe interaction processes. However, little is known about the diversity of bacterial communities in the rhizosphere of the invasive plant Flaveria bidentis. In this study, we used high‐throughput sequencing to investigate bacterial communities in the rhizosphere of F. bidentis, compared with those of native crop maize and control plant Setaria viridis. We obtained >70 000 analysis reads from the three samples and used bioinformatics and multivariate statistics to analyse the results. An analysis of indicators showed that F. bidentis samples had lower richness but higher diversity than maize and S. viridis samples. Operational taxonomic unit (OTU)‐based bioinformatics and statistical analysis also demonstrated that F. bidentis significantly altered the bacterial rhizosphere community. Higher abundance of Actinobacteria and lower abundance of Firmicutes were observed in F. bidentis rhizosphere than those of maize and S. viridis. Redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed the correlations between soil bacteria communities, soil nutrients and the abundance of bacterial groups. Our results provide a starting point for investigations of the effects of F. bidentis on soil bacterial diversity and a theoretical basis for the microecological mechanism of F. bidentis invasion.     

毛乌素沙漠南缘紫穗槐根际与非根际氮素含量特征

选择在陕西省榆林市靖边县毛乌素沙漠南缘已生长60、35、28和6年的紫穗槐（Amorpha fruticosa）样地,对不同株龄紫穗槐根际和非根际土壤的全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、有机碳的含量特征及土壤pH值的变化进行了分析。结果表明,根际全氮、铵态氮（除28年龄外）、硝态氮、有机碳含量均高于非根际,其中有机碳含量差异达到显著水平(P<0.05)。35年龄紫穗槐根际的全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮含量均高于其它株龄,分别比非根际高43.8%、30.3%和230%。有机碳含量根际与非根际都随着株龄增长而增加,而根际与非根际pH值随着株龄的增长而呈下降趋势。相关性分析表明,根际全氮与有机碳、铵态氮、硝态氮均呈显著相关,而在非根际没有相关性。根际土壤养分均高于非根际土壤,种植紫穗槐可以有效地改良土壤。     

枯草芽孢杆菌Bs916防治番茄青枯病

采用室内MS平板植物组培法、温室盆栽试验和微生物特异性平板分离检测技术,评估了枯草芽孢杆菌Bs916对番茄的促生、防治青枯病的作用,研究了菌株Bs916对番茄根表及茎内青枯菌种群数量的影响和对番茄根围可培养微生物含量的影响。在植物组培MS平板中,枯草芽孢杆菌Bs916对番茄植株鲜重具有促生作用,播种15 d后,其鲜重达79.8 mg,比未处理对照增加9.61%。盆栽试验显示,枯草芽孢杆菌Bs916灌根处理番茄后14 d,对番茄青枯病的防治效果达55.6%;菌株Bs916处理番茄后,番茄根表、茎内青枯菌含量和未处理对照的青枯菌含量变化趋势一致,均呈现随着时间的改变而逐渐下降的趋势,菌株Bs916处理的根表青枯菌含量约为未处理对照的1/100~1/10,而茎内青枯菌含量为未处理对照的1/50~1/2。此外,菌株Bs916的施用对番茄根围土壤中细菌种群具有先抑制后促进的作用,对真菌具有先促进后快速抑制的作用,而对根围放线菌则无显著性影响。以上结果表明,芽孢杆菌Bs916具有潜在的防治番茄青枯病的田间应用前景,也为其田间应用提供了理论基础。     

Evaluation of Extractants for Boron under the Influence of Organic Matter and Applied Boron in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils Growing Rape (Brassica campestris L.)

Field experiments during 2006–07 and 2007–08 were conducted in an Aeric Endoaquept to evaluate extractants suitable for boron (B) under the influence of organic matter and B in both rhizosphere (R) and nonrhizosphere (NR) soils with rape (Brassica campestris L.) as a test crop. The results reveal that the average B content in Mehlich 3 (MH-3) B was greatest (0.791 mg kg^?1) in NR soil, while that of the same in R soil was greatest (0.785 mg kg^?1) with Mannitol–calcium chloride (CaCl₂) (MCC) followed by hot -CaCl₂ (HCC, 0.750 mg kg^?1) in the treatment T₄ where NPK (80:40:40), B at 0.5 kg ha^?1, and farmyard manure (FYM) at 5 t ha^?1 were applied together. Based on linear regressions and correlations between different extractants and yield responses, the MH-3 extractant gave the greatest value of co-efficient of determination (R² = 0.36**, r = 0.598**) and has proved to be a superior extracting solution for B in NR in an Aeric Endoaquept. The results further suggested that the extractability of B with these three extractants did not have any control over rhizosphere soil zone.