响应面法优化微波辅助提取吴茱萸多糖工艺

为探索微波辅助提取吴茱萸多糖工艺的可行性,在单因素实验基础上采用三因素三水平响应面分析法,利用软件Box-Behnken实验设计原理,获得二次线性回归方程式(整体模型P0.01)。以多糖提取率为响应值作响应面图,确定微波提取吴茱萸多糖的优化工艺条件修正为:微波功率400 W、提取时间为100S、提取次数2次、料液比为1∶100,吴茱萸多糖实际提取率为21.01%(预测值为21.9%,传统水提仅为12.3%),验证实验表明,所得模型方程能较好地预测实验结果,拟合度较好。     

转cry1Ab抗虫水稻对褐飞虱取食及产卵选择行为的影响

通过室内试验研究了褐飞虱在转cry1Ab抗虫水稻(mf-MH3301-1)和非转基因水稻(MH3301)上的取食和产卵选择行为,并通过Y型嗅觉仪研究了褐飞虱对2种水稻的趋性反应.结果表明:转基因水稻mf-MH3301-1对褐飞虱成虫的取食选择行为有一定的影响,在接虫后2、4、8 h,雄成虫在Bt水稻上的着虫率显著低于对照MH3301,而雌成虫在接虫后4、8 h在Bt水稻上的着虫率显著低于对照MH3301.然而,Bt水稻对于褐飞虱的产卵选择性和趋性反应均无显著影响.     

响应曲面法优化野蔷薇根多糖脱色工艺

[目的]优化野蔷薇根多糖的过氧化氢(H2O2)法脱色工艺条件,为野蔷薇根多糖的脱色纯化提供技术支持.[方法]以野蔷薇根为试验材料,以多糖脱色率和保留率为考察指标,利用响应曲面法对H2O2法脱色野蔷薇根多糖的工艺条件进行优化.[结果]通过响应曲面法建立野蔷薇根多糖脱色的回归模型为:Y=94.84+3.08A+1.83B+0.88C+0.17AB+0.23AC-0.055BC-3.17A2-1.31B2-0.87C2(Y为多糖脱色率,A为H2O2体积分数、B为溶液pH、C为脱色时间),该模型拟合度较好.H2O2法脱色野蔷薇根多糖的最佳工艺条件为:H2O2体积分数35.0%、溶液pH 9.00、脱色时间4.5 h,在此条件下多糖脱色率和保留率分别为95.48%和75.17%,脱色率与理论值96.55%的相对误差为1.11%.H2O2体积分数、溶液pH和脱色时间3个因素对野蔷薇根多糖脱色效果均有极显著影响(P<0.01).[结论]H2O2脱色法具有操作简便、脱色效果明显、成本低等优点,可对野蔷薇根多糖进行有效脱色.     

响应曲面优化丹参多糖提取工艺及抗氧化活性分析

【目的】优化丹参多糖提取的柔化工艺参数,并分析其抗氧化活性,为丹参多糖产品的研发提供参考依据。【方法】以液料比(A)、浸提温度(B)、浸提时间(C)为自变量,以丹参多糖提取率(Y)为响应值,采用3因素3水平的响应曲面分析法优化丹参多糖提取工艺,同时测定丹参多糖对羟基自由基的清除能力。【结果】建立的丹参多糖提取二次多项回归方程为:Y=1.94-0.041A-0.056B+0.022C-0.046AB+0.13AC-0.03BC-0.24A2-0.75B2-0.44C2,其中浸提温度与浸提时间的交互作用对丹参多糖提取率影响显著(P<0.05)。丹参多糖提取的最佳柔化工艺条件为:液料比25∶1(mL/g)、浸提温度75℃、浸提时间90 min,在此条件下多糖提取率为1.94%,与预测值1.97%接近。丹参多糖对羟基自由基有明显的清除能力,且随多糖质量浓度的增加而逐渐增强;丹参多糖质量浓度为4.5 mg/mL的清除率最高,为42%。【结论】采用响应曲面法优化的提取柔化工艺参数准确可靠,可用于丹参多糖提取;丹参多糖具有一定的体外抗氧化能力,可作为食品及医药行业的天然抗氧化剂资源进行开发利用。     

Intrinsic settling rate and spatial diffusion properties of extruded fish feed pellets

Spatial and temporal feed distribution in sea cages are important factors for the farmer, fish and environment due to the strong relation to growth, feed loss, pollution and welfare. This study presents a set of experimentally derived diffusion parameters and settling rates obtained in still water from four sizes and three densities of extruded fish feed pellets commonly used in aquaculture. It was found that pellet size is positively correlated with increased diffusion and that pellet density plays a less important role. Both the size and density of pellets had a significant impact on the settling rate. Results are compared to values obtained during feed production as well as other relevant studies. The findings suggest that parameters related to hydrodynamic behaviour of groups of feed pellets may vary across different pellet types. The results may be applied to refine and parameterize pellet motion in sea cage feeding models, improving estimates of fish behaviour, growth and feed loss.     

渐增负荷运动感情反应的变化模式研究*

研究的目的是探讨渐增负荷运动感情反应的变化模式。12名健康大学男生参加功率自行车渐增负荷运动,运动中和运动后测量血乳酸以确定个体乳酸阈,运动中每分钟测量主观运动强度和感情效价。结果显示,群组感情反应在时间上有显著差异,感情反应随强度递增呈线性和阶5下降模式,个体乳酸阈前1s及后面各点FS值均显著低于第1min、第2min的值。个体乳酸阈前感情反应均为积极,接近乳酸阈的感情反应有的积极有的消极,高于乳酸阈的感情反应大部分消极。     

响应面法优化海洋沉积物微生物总DNA提取方法

海洋沉积物中的微生物是自然界生态系统中不可或缺的组分,在维持环境与海洋生态平衡方面发挥着重要作用.在海洋沉积物微生物的研究中,细胞裂解率低、片段不够完整等问题导致无法高效地提取微生物的总DNA片段.本实验采用响应面分析法对CTAB-SDS-冻融DNA提取法进行优化.根据单因素的实验结果,选取溶菌酶含量、65℃水浴时间、蛋白酶K含量作为影响因子,利用Box-Behnken进行实验设计,将DNA浓度作为响应值,进行DNA提取方法的响应面优化实验.结果发现:当溶菌酶含量为1.13 mg/mL、65℃水浴时间为100 min、蛋白酶K含量为0.21 mg/mL时,DNA提取效果达到最好.验证实验表明:优化后提取DNA的实际值与理论值相近,具有可行性,优化后提取的DNA片段在纯度、浓度方面高于优化之前.     

LED光萎凋对乌龙茶雨水青的光响应及对其品质的影响

为解决乌龙茶阴雨天难制茶,茶叶品质低的问题,试验以LED蓝光为萎凋光源,通过设置5个不同萎凋温度,探讨LED蓝光对雨水青萎凋过程的光响应变化规律和理化变化的影响。试验结果表明:相比无光照的CK,LED蓝光萎凋有利于提高乌龙茶雨水青的净光合速率、萎凋叶水浸出物、可溶性总糖含量,并能降低酚氨比,提高毛茶品质。其中LED蓝光在萎凋温度为30℃和35℃时,雨水青光响应较好,净光合速率大于其他温度的处理,萎凋叶生化品质较优,毛茶感官审评得分较高,不仅加速了在制叶萎凋进程,而且促进了乌龙茶优异品质的形成。     

Concentrations and isotopic characteristics of atmospheric reactive nitrogen around typical sources in Beijing,China

With rapid economic growth in China,anthropogenic reactive nitrogen(Nr) emissions have more than doubled over the last two or three decades.Atmospheric Nr pollution is an environmental concern in China especially in megacities such as Beijing.In order to identify the impact of emission sources on atmospheric Nr pollution,we measured atmospheric Nr concentrations and their isotopic composition(δ~(15)N) dynamics at three typical sites:landfill,pig farm and road traffic sites in Beijing from April 2010 to March 2011.Passive samplers were used for monitoring ammonia(NH_3) and nitrogen dioxide(NO_2),two major Nr species,while their δ~(15)N values were measured by a diffusion method combined with mass spectrometer approach.The raw water pool of the landfill and fattening house of the pig farm were important NH_3 sources with mean NH_3 concentrations being 2,829 and 2,369 μg/m~3,respectively,while the road traffic site was a minor NH_3 source(10.6 μg/m~3).NH_3 concentrations at sites besides the landfill and roads were high in summer and low in winter due to the annual variation of temperature and the change of emission source intensity.In contrast,the NH_3 concentrations inside the pig farm house were high in winter and low in summer,for the barn windows were open in summer and closed in winter.The mean NO_2 concentrations were 89.8,32.9 and 23.0 μg/m~3 at the road traffic,the landfill and pig farm sites,respectively.Due to vehicle fuel combustion,NO_2 concentration at the road traffic was the highest among the three sources,and the road traffic was a main NO_2 emission source.PM10,p NH4+ and p NO3– concentrations in particulate matter were higher in summer than in winter(except PM10 for the pig farm).The δ~(15)NH_3 values ranged from –19.14‰ to 7.82‰,with an average of –0.05‰ for the landfill site,and the lowest values were observed in June and July.The δ~(15)NH_3 values for the pig farm site ranged from –29.78‰ to –14.05‰ with an average of –24.51‰,and the δ~(15)NH_3 values were more negative in summer than in the other seasons.The δ~(15)NO_2 values were –9.63‰ to 7.04‰ with an average of –3.72‰ for the road traffic site.The δ~(15)NO_2 values were more negative in summer than those in the other seasons.The different δ~(15)N values for the various Nr species in different sources may serve as important indicators for identifying atmospheric Nr sources in megacities.The results may also provide the theoretical basis for research on the atmospheric N deposition and its sources.