Thermal tolerance of paralarvae of Patagonian red octopus Enteroctopus megalocyathus

Patagonian red octopus, Enteroctopus megalocyathus, is a merobenthic octopus whose paralarvae have been successfully cultured up to juvenile octopuses. At present, high mortality during the paralarval period prevents the scaling from experimental rearing to commercial aquaculture. The aim of the study was to determine upper (CTMax) and lower (CTMin) thermal tolerance, acclimation response ratio (ARR) and thermal tolerance polygon of paralarvae from different culture conditions and subjected to seven acclimation temperatures (6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18°C) during the first 5 days of paralarval life. Culture conditions were two types of egg incubation (maternal care and artificial incubators) and two feeding regimes (fed or starved). Fed paralarvae showed thermal preferendum, while unfed paralarvae preferred much higher temperatures than those of acclimation. CTMin and CTMax increased along with the acclimation temperature. Lower values of ARR were obtained in paralarvae from artificial incubation, with this type of paralarva showing the least adaptability to thermal changes. Starved paralarvae showed the lowest values for thermal tolerance range (TTR) and smaller areas of thermal polygon than fed paralarvae. Rearing temperatures above 16°C may be considered suboptimal to paralarvae and affected by the conditions during the embryonic incubation. Rearing temperatures below 8°C may be considered suboptimal for all hatched paralarvae. Therefore, the other temperatures within this range could be used in the context of improving the culture management of paralarvae.     

Non‐specific immune responses and intestinal immunity of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fed Jujube (Ziziphus jujube) fruit extract

This study investigated the effects of Jujube (Ziziphus jujube) fruit extract (JFE) as an excellent source of nutrients and phytochemicals on the innate immune responses and expression of genes involved in intestinal immunity of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings. Three hundred healthy carps (10.78 ± 0.05 g) fingerlings were randomly allocated to 12 fibre glass tanks (300L; 15 fish per tank) and fed for 8 weeks with experimental diets which contained different levels of JFE (0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, or 1%). Thereafter, serum non‐specific immune parameters [total immunoglobulin (Ig) as well as alternative complement (ACH50) and lysozyme activity (SL)] and expression of genes involved in intestinal immunity (lyz, tnf‐alpha, il1b, il8, il10, and tgfb) were measured. The results revealed a significant elevation of Ig level in the JFE‐fed fish (p < 0.05) over the control fish. However, there was no significant difference among treated groups in case of serum total Ig. The highest levels of SL and ACH50 were observed in fish fed 1% of JFE. Nonetheless, no significant difference was noticed regarding SL and ACH50 of control and other supplemented groups (0.25% and 0.5% JFE). Also, expression of lyz, tnf‐alpha, and il1b genes increased significantly (p < 0.05) in JFE‐fed fish, in a dose‐dependent manner. On the other hand, significant (p < 0.05) down‐regulation of il110 and tgfb were noticed in treated groups. The present findings suggested that extraction of Jujube, Z. jujube fruit, possesses beneficial effects on immune responses of common carp.     

跨越式膜上覆土装置的参数仿真设计与试验

针对全膜种植模式中覆土装置覆土质量差引起的易受风力破坏、烧苗、出苗受阻等问题,设计了一种适用于全膜覆土机具的跨越式刮板升运链膜上覆土装置。为提高覆土机构的工作性能,构建了覆土装置的实体模型,运用离散单元法模拟仿真试验,结合Box-Behnken试验设计原理,采用三因素三水平响应曲面法,借助DesignExpert软件处理试验结果,建立了覆土宽度和覆土厚度合格率的二次回归模型,分析各因素交互作用对试验指标的影响,优化得到最佳参数组合,即链速与机组前进速度比为1.38、排土口高度为200 mm、排土口宽度为120 mm,并依此进行田间验证试验。试验结果表明,用离散单元法模拟出的覆土宽度值和覆土厚度合格率接近田间重复试验均值,且满足农艺要求。     

燕麦幼苗对干旱-低温交叉适应的生理响应及其综合评价

为探讨干旱能否诱导燕麦对低温的交叉适应性,采用20%聚乙二醇6000(PEG)模拟干旱预处理定莜6号幼苗3 d,以未经PEG预处理的幼苗作对照,恢复2 d后进行低温(昼/夜温度8℃/5℃)处理,分别在低温处理的0、1、3、5、7天采取幼苗叶片,测定超氧阴离子(O_2~-)、过氧化氢(H_2O_2)、丙二醛(MDA)、抗坏血酸(ASA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、可溶性糖(SS)、可溶性蛋白质(SP)、游离氨基酸(AA)和脯氨酸(Pro)含量及相对含水量(RWC)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性等14项生理指标及处理7d后植株株高增量和生物量增量,采用主成分分析和隶属函数综合评价燕麦幼苗对干旱-低温的交叉适应能力。结果表明,与对照相比,干旱预处理显著提高了低温胁迫下燕麦幼苗株高增量和生物量增量,O_2~-和H_2O_2等14项生理指标值也发生了不同程度改变。对14项生理指标值离差标准化后进行相关性分析表明,不同变量间存在显著相关性。进行主成分分析提取了5个主成分因子,其方差贡献率依次为38.881%、18.219%、11.238%、9.616%和8.809%,累积方差贡献率达86.763%。第1主成分因子对SS、AA、Pro、O_2~-、H_2O_2、RWC、SOD和APX有较大载荷;第2主成分因子对POD、MDA和GSH有较大载荷;第3主成分因子主要包括CAT和GSH;第4主成分因子主要包括SP和Pro;第5主成分因子主要包括APX和ASA。隶属函数分析5个主成分因子得分值显示,除第1天外,干旱预处理在整个低温处理期间的综合评价值显著高于对照。研究表明干旱能够诱导燕麦对低温的交叉适应性。     

Quantitative Dietary Taurine Requirement for California Yellowtail,Seriola lalandi

Although taurine has been identified as a required nutrient in several Seriola species, there are no available quantitative data on dietary taurine requirements for these commercially important species and recommendations are highly variable. Therefore, juvenile Seriola lalandi were fed one of eight practical diets supplemented with graded levels of taurine (0.11–1.08% of the dry diet, analyzed) to estimate their taurine requirement. Response in growth rate, feed efficiency, and nutrient deposition were evaluated using a broken‐quadratic model and 4‐ and 5‐parameter saturation kinetic models (4‐SKM and 5‐SKM) Blood serum composition was analyzed using linear models. Requirement estimates based on growth rates (thermal‐unit growth coefficient) and protein deposition were similar at 0.26% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.23–0.28) and 0.29% (95% CI: 0.25–0.34) dietary taurine, respectively. Feed and protein deposition efficiencies were optimized at 0.26–1.02% and 0.26–1.00% dietary taurine, respectively. Taurine deposition in the animal was maximized at higher dietary levels (0.64%). Levels of serum taurine increased in response to dietary levels and peaked at around 0.80% dietary taurine. Concomitantly, serum urea and total amino acid levels decreased with increasing dietary taurine levels, suggesting a reduced amino acid catabolism relative to the aforementioned improvement in protein deposition efficiency.     

Riparian restoration offsets predicted population consequences of climate warming in a threatened headwater fish

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Performance of a photo‐heterotrophic,hypersaline system for intensive cultivation of white leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) with minimal water replacement in lined ponds using a stochastic approach

The aim of the study was to evaluate the performance of Litopenaeus vannamei in an intensive photo‐heterotrophic hypersaline system with minimal seawater replacement, and establish relationships between parameters of a stochastic production model and relevant water quality variables. Six experimental 1000 m² lined ponds were stocked at a density of 120 shrimp m^?2 for a 105‐day trial. Salinity increased from 37 to 45 ± 2 g/L, and the water level was maintained with the weekly addition of filtered seawater, equivalent to 1.6% per day. The stochastic model predicted that, at harvest, there is 95% confidence that the system produces between 12.1 and 14.7 t/ha with a mean final individual weight of 13.1 g and a mean survival of 84.2%. Sensitivity analyses showed that dissolved oxygen and individual final weight of shrimp were the main variables influencing yield variance. Nitrogenous compounds were maintained between optimal cultivation levels (NH₃–NH₄⁺ = 0.73 ± 0.43 mg/L, N–NO₂^? = 0.09 ± 0.05 mg/L, N–NO₃^? = 3.22 ± 0.11 mg/L). Heterotrophic bacteria (6.6 ± 3.4 × 10⁵ CFU/ml) and chlorophyll‐α concentration (108.5 ± 80.2 μg/L) showed a similar development pattern, indicating a strong relationship between bacteria and microalgae during cultivation. Vibrio spp. concentrations were low (1.24 ± 1.42 × 10³ CFU/ml). It was shown that the photo‐heterotrophic system could be used in hypersaline conditions, typical of semi‐arid regions, to consistently produce between 12.1 and 14.7 t/ha in 15 weeks.     

响应面法优化常温饮用型酸乳配方

采用响应曲面法对常温饮用型酸乳的配方进行优化。用Plackett-Burman设计法研究全脂乳粉与乳清粉的蛋白比例、琼脂、淀粉、果胶、果糖和稀奶油添加量6 个因素对酸乳黏度及持水力的影响,筛选出影响酸乳黏度和持水力的显著因素,用Box-Behnken试验设计优化最佳配方。结果表明：全脂乳粉与乳清粉的蛋白比例、琼脂、淀粉及果胶添加量是影响常温饮用型酸乳黏度和持水力的显著因素（P＜0.05）;经过响应面试验设计建立黏度、持水力和4因素的模型,对此模型进行求解得到最佳配方为全脂乳粉与乳清粉的蛋白比例5∶1、琼脂     

不同施磷水平下温室冬春茬黄瓜日产量变化及其与光温环境的关系

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