响应面法优化香水莲花甾醇的超声提取工艺

为了分析香水莲花的植物甾醇含量并优化其超声提取工艺,采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法测定香水莲花中菜籽甾醇、菜油甾醇和β-谷甾醇的含量,再以上述3种甾醇提取量为评价指标,对液料比、超声提取温度和超声提取时间进行单因素试验,在此基础上,再采用Box-Behnken响应面法优化香水莲花甾醇提取工艺并进行验证。结果表明,影响香水莲花甾醇提取量的主次因素是液料比>提取时间>提取温度,其最优工艺条件为以95%乙醇为提取溶剂、超声功率100 W、液料比30∶1（mL/g）、超声提取温度60 ℃、超声提取时间30 min;在最优工艺条件下进行验证实验,得出香水莲花中甾醇含量为菜籽甾醇64.61 mg/100 g、菜油甾醇40.77 mg/100 g、β-谷甾醇99.04 mg/100 g,总甾醇204.42 mg/100 g,综合评分与预测值相比差异不显著（P<0.05）。研究结果为香水莲花资源的开发和利用提供参考。     

Characterization of a Novel Gain-of-Function Spotted-Leaf Mutant with Enhanced Disease Resistance in Rice

We here reported the identification and characterization of a novel gain-of-function spotted-leaf 26(Spl26) mutant from an ethylmethylsulfone(EMS)-induced rice cultivar IR64. Spl26 displayed reddishbrown lesions that firstly appeared on the leaf tips at the early tillering stage and spread gradually downward to cover the whole leaf blades that wilted subsequently. The lesion development was lightdependent under natural conditions. Spl26 exhibited impaired photosynthetic capacity with decreased chlorophyll content and lowered photosynthetic parameters which ultimately led to the poor performance of agronomic traits. Severe cell death occurred in Spl26 in accompany with increased malonaldehyde level and membrane ion leakage rate, elevated reactive oxygen species(ROS) accumulation, altered ROS scavenging activities, increased DNA fragmentation and decreased soluble protein levels. Defense responses were activated in Spl26 with enhanced resistance to rice bacterial blight, up-regulation of defense response genes and altered endogenous hormone levels. The spotted-leaf phenotype is controlled by a single dominant nuclear gene localized to a 305 kb region between RM5490 and In Del42 on the short arm of chromosome 7. The data suggested that Spl26 is a novel gain-of-function spotted-leaf mutant with enhanced bacterial disease resistance and immunity-associated premature leaf senescence and would provide the basis for cloning of the target gene.     

玉米ZmNRT关键基因挖掘以及氮响应基因共表达网络构建

以玉米自交系B73（V4版本）作为参考基因组,利用生物信息学方法鉴定玉米ZmNRT基因家族成员,从系统发育关系、GO（Gene Ontology）富集、基因结构和玉米不同时期及组织下的表达谱等方面全面解析玉米ZmNRT基因家族。基于qPCR实验和共表达网络分析,对玉米ZmNRT家族基因在氮响应中的作用进行系统的研究。结果表明,在玉米全基因组水平上共鉴定到 162 个 ZmNRT 基因,主要分为 ZmNRT1（62 个）和 ZmNRT2（100 个） 两大类群。GO富集发现,仅46个基因参与硝态氮转运过程,这些基因被不均等分成7个亚家族,每个家族1～15个基因。基因表达模式分析结果显示,不同生育期和组织下ZmNRT基因表达是差异的。在氮诱导下,qPCR鉴定结果显示,12个ZmNRT基因是氮响应基因,9个基因表达上调,3个基因表达下调。共表达网络结果发现,其中10个ZmNRT基因与已知的氮代谢基因存在显著共表达关系（|r|>0.8 p-value<0.05）,推测这10个基因可能是调控玉米氮代谢的关键基因。     

草坪草对干旱胁迫的反应概述

干旱胁迫是影响草坪草生长最主要的环境胁迫因子之一。在干旱胁迫下,草坪草的根、茎、叶均会表现出一定的生态适应性,还会发生叶片蒸腾和光合作用减弱、渗透调节物质累积、活性氧代谢失调等生理生化反应,而且在细胞水平和基因水平上也会发生变化,这都与草坪草的抗旱调节机制有着密切的联系。目前我国关于草坪草的抗旱性研究还处于起步阶段,基因工程技术的研究和应用是今后的主要发展方向。     

Comparative Feeding Performance and Digestive Physiology of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae-Fed 11 Corn Hybrids

This study aimed to evaluate the feeding responses and digestive proteolytic and amylolytic activity of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) on 11 corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids at 25 ± 1°C, 65 ± 5% relative humidity (RH), and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h. The fourth- and fifth-instar larvae fed on hybrid K47*K19 had the highest weight of food consumption and those reared on hybrid KSC705 had the lowest value of food consumption. The highest weight gain of the larvae was observed when H. armigera were fed hybrid KLM78*MO17 and lowest when they were fed hybrids K36 * MO17, KSC705, and K35 * K36. Pupal weight of H. armigera was heaviest when larvae were fed hybrid K47*K19 and lightest when they were fed hybrid KSC705. The highest proteolytic activity of the fourth-instar larvae was observed when they were fed hybrid KSC705, and the lowest activity was observed when they were fed hybrid K47*A67. Fifth-instar larvae that fed on hybrid K47*K19 showed the highest proteolytic activity. Fourth-instar larvae that fed on hybrid K36*MO17 showed the highest amylase activity. The fifth-instar larvae fed on hybrid K47*A67 showed the maximum amylase activity and those reared on the K48*K18 showed the minimum activity. Our results indicated that K36 * MO17, KSC705, and K48 * K18 were the most unsuitable hybrids for feeding H. armigera.     

Estimates of the leaf area of forage peanut for use in morphogenetic assessment

Understanding the morpho-physiological responses of forage plants is critical for successfully managing pastures; however, there is no specific method for morphogenetically assessing Arachis pintoi. The present study aimed to develop and validate mathematical models to estimate leaf area in A. pintoi to enable assessments of leaf elongation and senescence. Two experiments were performed. The first experiment used 500 A. pintoi leaves to model leaf area. Three models were used: correlation, mechanistic and empirical. A total of 336 leaflets were collected to validate the models. For the second experiment, 786 leaflet pairs were collected to test the leaf symmetry. Leaf length (L), width (W) and area (A) were measured for each leaflet in both of the experiments. The model identity test was used. The leaflet area can be estimated using the following formula:  = W ×L × 0·25 × π. Experiment 2 showed that the initial leaflet pairs were equal, as were the terminal leaflet pairs. In conclusion, the mechanistic model should be used to estimate the leaf area for A. pintoi, and only half of each leaf can be measured.     

瓜实蝇龄期和密度对蝇蛹金小蜂寄生能力的影响

蝇蛹金小蜂是蝇类害虫重要的蛹期寄生性天敌,为了评价其对蔬菜上重要害虫瓜实蝇的控害潜能,本文就蝇蛹金小蜂对瓜实蝇蛹的寄生潜能进行了研究,建立了功能反应和干扰效应数学模型。结果表明,蝇蛹金小蜂对不同蛹龄瓜实蝇蛹的寄生功能反应均符合 HollingⅡ模型,但不同蛹龄之间的功能反应参数存在差异。蝇蛹金小蜂对 2 日龄、4 日龄和 6 日龄瓜实蝇蛹的模方程分别为 Na = 0.478 0N0/(1+0.010N0)、Na = 0.474 0N0/(1+0.008 6N0) 和 Na = 0.476 4N0/(1+0.009 9N0)。蝇蛹金小蜂自身密度也会对寄生产生一定的干扰效应,用 Hassell-Varley 模型拟合,蝇蛹金小蜂干扰效应方程可表示为：a = 0.071 9P –0.252 6。     

数量化理论Ⅲ在土地质量综合评价中的应用

木文对土地质量综合评价的方法进行了探讨,首次提出将数量化理论Ⅲ应用于土地质量分级。与目前使用的系统聚类、动态聚类方法相比,数量化理论Ⅲ更适合于变量类型为定性变量的土地资源调查资料的分类。它弥补了系统聚类方法和动态聚类方法在土地资源评价中应用的局限性,数量化理论Ⅲ是一种可用于土地质量分级的理想方法。     

基于Panel Nerlove模型的我国牛肉供给反应实证分析

从牛肉供给的角度出发,依据2000-2012年全国29个地区的数据,采用Panel Nerlove经典模型及扩展模型,对我国牛肉市场的供给反应进行分析。结果表明,牛肉的短期供给弹性为0.171,长期供给弹性为0.615,小于1,是缺乏弹性的畜产品;滞后一期牛肉产量、滞后二期牛肉产量、滞后一期牛肉价格、羊肉价格对牛肉产量都有显著的影响。剖析了我国牛肉价格缺乏弹性的原因,并且基于此结论,提出一些发展我国肉牛产业的建议：国家应该在贸易谈判过程中有意识的保护国内肉牛产业,重点要扶持能繁母牛的养殖,重视国内饲草资源的开发和利用。