Immune response of sea bass <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dicentrarchus labrax</Emphasis> to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tenacibaculum maritimum</Emphasis> antigens

ABSTRACT:   Seawater fishes are affected by a pathology commonly called 'myxobacteriosis', caused by Tenacibaculum maritimum (formerly Flexibacter maritimus ). The disease is characterized by fin erosion and necrotic ulcers of skin and muscle, and by low but constant mortality in cultured marine fish; in Italy is one of the most important and widely spread diseases affecting sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax , gilthead seabream Sparus aurata , sharp-snouted bream Diplodus puntazzo , white bream Diplodus sargus , and six-tooted bream Dentex dentex . In order to obtain an effective vaccine against the disease, formalin killed cells (FKC), extracellular products (ECPs) and crude lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preparations were obtained from the T. maritimum strain SPVId and injected intraperitoneally twice into the sea bass. The fish immune response to the preparations was studied: agglutinating antibody titer and in vitro phagocytosis were determined after the first and second injection in order to evaluate whether the preparations are immunogenic or not and if the booster effect took place. The results show that FKC and LPS preparations increased the antibody titer after the first injection when compared to the control sea bass. Moreover, all the preparations stimulated a secondary (booster) response. In vitro phagocytosis of the total blood was significantly higher for all the preparations when compared to the controls, but the crude LPS immunized sea bass showed the highest activity.     

南水北调工程洛河渡槽耦合动力分析

在合理模拟临跨的静态荷载以及质量影响的基础上.采用三维有限元对南水北调工程洺河大型渡槽典型槽段单跨渡槽进行结构地震动力分析.对于影响渡槽结构动力响应的盆式支座、槽内水体与结构的流固耦合作用以及桩基-土体的动力相互作用,参照相关规范的原则和相关研究成果,在尽可能反映其实际影响和合理简化的基础上进行模拟,研究了结构自振特性、结构各部位的动力位移、应力以及内力响应.计算结果表明:采用不同水体模拟方法和不同计算分析方法得到的动力响应规律是一致的,动力响应值比较接近.     

Immune response and disease resistance in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fed three levels of dietary vitamin E and the effect of vaccination on the liver status of antioxidant vitamins

Atlantic salmon were fed 40, 300 or 1100 mgall-rac--tocopheryl acetate kg feed^–1 for 12 weeks.After 6 weeks half of the fish in each group were marked and vaccinated (i.p.injection) against furunculosis and vibriosis. Liver -tocopherol levelsreflected the dietary input after 6 and 12 weeks of feeding. Noimmunomodulatoryeffects of dietary vitamin E on baseline levels of the immune parameters beforevaccination were detected in this study, as evaluated by antibody dependent andspontaneous plasma complement activities. In general, vaccination increasedplasma complement activities and the number of antigen specific antibodyproducing cells as compared with unvaccinated control fish, but with nodifferences with respect to the vitamin E regimes. Also the ability ofunvaccinated fish to withstand experimental furunculosis was unaffected bydietary vitamin E. The concentrations of -tocopherol and ascorbic acidinthe liver were, however, negatively affected 6 weeks post vaccination comparedto respective unvaccinated fish.     

Probiotic efficiency of Bacillus sp. in Labeo rohita challenged by Aeromonas hydrophila: assessment of stress profile,haemato‐biochemical parameters and immune responses

Fish are always susceptible to a wide variety of deadly pathogens which cause a huge loss in aquaculture industries. In this investigation, we have demonstrated the in vivo probiotic efficiency of Bacillus sp. MVF1 (GenBank Acc. No. KP256503) in Labeo rohita challenged with pathogenic strain of Aeromonas hydrophila (MTCC 1739). To check the probiotic potential of the selected bacterial strain, fish were divided into four groups: control, D1, D2 and D3. A total of 100 days (70 days probiotic feeding + 71th day sampling and 28 days challenged test + 29th day sampling) of feeding trial was conducted. To establish the probiotic potential of Bacillus sp. MVF1, certain haematological parameters (haemoglobin, total erythrocyte and leucocyte count), serum biochemical parameters (total protein, albumin and globulin), immune parameters (serum lysozyme and total IgM levels) and hepatic stress profile (malondialdehyde production, superoxide dismutase and catalase activity) have been measured. Our results demonstrated that red blood cell number, white blood cell number and haemoglobin content were much higher in D2 group fish compared to other groups and control fish. Similarly, total protein contents, albumin concentration, globulin concentration, lysozyme activity and IgM production were also recorded to be highest in D2 group fish. This finding clearly indicated the probiotic potential of Bacillus sp. MVF1 in L. rohita. Furthermore, our results also demonstrated that 1 × 10⁷ CFU g^?1 feed (D2) provides better immunity compared to 1 × 10⁵ (D1) and 1 × 10⁹ (D3). Due to beneficial effects, the bacterium Bacillus sp. MVF1 might be useful in aquaculture industries to reduce the disease susceptibility.     

Immunostimulatory effects of dietary fructooligosaccharides on red swamp crayfish,Procambarus clarkii (Girard)

Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are widely researched as prebiotics and immunostimulants in humans and terrestrial animals. However, limited researches on immune functions of FOS were reported in crustacean. In the present study, red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii were fed with different concentrations of FOS (2.0, 5.0, 8.0, 10.0 g kg^?1 diet), and then the immunostimulatory effects of FOS were evaluated by measuring immune parameters and examining immune‐related gene expression. PO and SOD activities were significantly increased in groups fed with 8.0 or 10.0 g kg^?1 of FOS compared with those in control group. In addition, significant elevations of SOD and phagocytic activities were also observed in group fed with 5.0 g kg^?1 of FOS. Among examined immune‐related genes, expressions of crustin1, lysozyme, SOD and pro‐PO were significantly up‐regulated by feeding with 8.0 or 10.0 g kg^?1 of dietary FOS. Survival rates of crayfish challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila were significantly improved by feeding with 5.0, 8.0 or 10.0 g kg^?1 of dietary FOS for 30 days. Phagocytic activities and bacterial clearance efficiencies were also significantly increased in groups fed with 8.0 or 10.0 g kg^?1 of FOS. The results indicated that dietary FOS effectively induced innate immune responses of red swamp crayfish in a dose‐dependent way and could be used as potential immunostimulant in crustacean.     

4个桑树品种桑葚多糖提取条件的优化及其含量比较

以吉林省东部和中部地区的成熟黑桑、白桑、栽培种蒙桑及野生蒙桑的桑葚为材料,通过单因素及响应面法试验,对桑葚多糖提取条件进行了优化,并对4个品种桑葚的多糖含量进行比较,结果表明,桑葚多糖的最佳提取条件为温度91℃,提取时间53 min,料液比1︰48。各品种桑树桑葚多糖含量由高到低排列依次为:栽培种蒙桑(223.658 mg/g)白桑(212.575 mg/g)黑桑(179.920 mg/g)野生蒙桑(146.123 mg/g)。     

响应面法优化南极磷虾酶解液的脱氟工艺

[目的]利用响应面法对南极磷虾酶解液的脱氟工艺条件进行优化,为南极磷虾在食品工业中开发应用提供技术依据.[方法]在单因素试验的基础上,以脱氟率(Y)为响应值,选择醋酸钙添加量(A)、初始pH(B)、反应温度(C)为自变量,采用Box-Bohnken试验设计方法,研究各自变量及其相互作用对南极磷虾酶解液脱氟率的影响,并分析酶解液中主要营养成分的变化.[结果]建立二次回归方程:Y=84.94+2.75A+2.77B-2.31AC-9.70A2-8.90B2-3.20C2;醋酸钙添加量、初始pH及醋酸钙添加量与反应温度的交互作用对南极磷虾酶解液脱氟率的影响极显著(P<0.0l).南极磷虾酶解液脱氟工艺的最佳条件为:醋酸钙添加量21.5 mg/mL、初始pH 10.2、反应时间140 min、反应温度30.24℃,在此条件下的脱氟率为(84.15±1.37)%,与理论预测值(8537%)的相对误差较小.在最佳条件下脱氟后,酶解液中总氮和氨基态氮含量分别损失3.11%和2.52%,反应前后含量变化不显著(P>0.05).[结论]采用响应面法优化得到的南极磷虾酶解液脱氟工艺具有操作简单、对酶解液的营养成分影响较小等优点,有较高的可行性;建立的回归模型可用于实际预测.     

Growth, stress response and free amino acid levels in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis Kaup 1858) chronically exposed to exogenous ammonia

Stressful husbandry conditions are likely to affect growth and amino acid metabolism in fish. In this study, chronic ammonia exposure was used to test the effects of a stressor on growth and amino acid metabolism of Senegalese sole juveniles. The fish were exposed for 52 days to 11.6 mg L⁻¹ [low‐TAN (L‐TAN)] or 23.2 mg L⁻¹ [high‐TAN (H‐TAN)] of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), or to 0 mg L⁻¹ (Control). Growth in L‐TAN groups was slightly but significantly different from the Control groups [relative growth rate (RGR=0.35±0.13 and 0.52±0.23% day⁻¹ respectively)]. In H‐TAN groups, growth was severely affected (RGR=0.01±0.13% day⁻¹). Stress parameters (plasma cortisol and glucose) showed slight or no significant differences between treatments. Plasma free amino acid (FAA) concentrations were affected after H‐TAN treatment. Increases in glutamine and aspartate concentrations in H‐TAN fish suggest alterations in amino acid metabolism related to nitrogen excretion processes. Some of the changes in FAA concentrations also suggest mobilization to energy supply and synthesis of metabolites related to stress response. Therefore, Senegalese sole seem to adapt to the L‐TAN concentration tested, but the H‐TAN concentration reduced growth and affected amino acid metabolism.     

Protein characterization using electrophoresis and immunofixation; a case‐based review of dogs and cats

Protein electrophoresis and immunotyping can be a useful adjunct to the standard biochemical techniques for characterizing serum and urine proteins. This paper reviews currently available and commonly used methods for diagnostic protein electrophoresis, including both agarose gel and capillary zone electrophoretic techniques and total protein assessments. Immunofixation and immunosubtraction methods for identification of immunoglobulin location and class are also presented. Practical application of quality assurance and quality control strategies in compliance with American Society of Veterinary Clinical Pathology (ASVCP) best practices are discussed. Commonly encountered serum and urine electrophoretic diagnostic patterns, including electrophoretically normal, acute‐phase protein responses, polyclonal gammopathies, restricted polyclonal/oligoclonal gammopathies, paraproteinemias (monoclonal or biclonal gammopathies), and Bence‐Jones proteinurias are also reviewed using relevant case material. Cases in which immunofixation electrophoresis are particularly useful are highlighted, and methodologies to more accurately quantify serum monoclonal proteins (M‐proteins), monitoring tests commonly used in human medicine, are discussed.