新疆奎屯部分地区奶牛球虫感染现状调查

为调查奎屯地区奶牛球虫感染与流行现状,试验选取奎屯不同地区的5个规模化奶牛养殖场,对2~3月龄、6月龄、1~2岁、5~6岁的牛直肠采集粪便共290份进行球虫检测。结果发现被检5个规模化奶牛场均存在球虫感染,感染率最高为58.14%;共检出8种艾美耳属球虫,分别是牛艾美耳球虫（Eimeriabovis）（8.62%）、邱氏艾美耳球虫（Eimeriazuernii）（9.31%）、椭圆艾美耳球虫（Eimeria ellipsoidalli）（11.03%）、柱状艾美耳球虫（Eimeria cylindrce）（5.86%）、阿拉巴艾美耳球虫（Eimeria alabamensis）（4.13%）、亚球艾美耳球虫（Eimeria subspherica）（9.31%）、奥博艾美耳球虫（Eimeria auburnensis）（5.17%）、加拿大艾美耳球虫（Eimeria canadensis）（3.44%）,且优势虫种为椭圆艾美耳球虫（Eimeria ellipsoidalli）、邱氏艾美耳球虫（Eimeria zuernii）、亚球艾美耳球虫（Eimeriasubspherica）、牛艾美耳球虫（Eimeriabovis）。     

Oxygen uptake in the Antarctic teleost Pagothenia borchgrevinki. Limitations imposed by X-cell gill disease

Fish in a population of Pagothenia borchgrevinki in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, are affected by a gill disease (X-cell disease) which causes tissue hyperplasia that results in a decreased gill surface area and an increased water/blood diffusion distance. P. borchgrevinki acquires 95% of its oxygen via the gills, but damage to the gills by X-cell disease did not affect this function. There was no compensatory shift to cutaneous respiration. X-cell disease reduced the ability for oxygen uptake at low ambient P_{O 2} and the decreased uptake was related to the extent of the disease. _{O 2} max was greatly reduced in X-cell affected fish and substantially reduced their aerobic potential. This effect may impair the ability of diseased fish to catch prey and avoid predators.     

Factors determining the adoption of laser land leveling in the irrigated rice–wheat system in Haryana,India

Laser land leveling has been increasingly adopted in the irrigated rice (Oryza sativa L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system in the state of Haryana (India), located in the north-western Indo-Gangetic Plains. Still, many farmers have applied it to only a fraction of their land. In this study, we used data collected from 621 farm households in Haryana and applied a double-hurdle model for assessing the factors that determine the adoption and intensity of laser-leveling technology. The results show that large land holders are more likely to laser level their farm land; however, we found a negative association between land holdings and the proportion of laser-leveled land. Information about technology through farmer-to-farmer communication and through private traders, participation in agricultural training and membership in local agricultural institutions increased both the likelihood and the intensity of adoption. Our findings call for a closer collaboration among the various stakeholders, specifically to promote farmer-to-farmer communication through increased participation in local institutions and increase the rate of adoption of laser leveling technology.     

气象干旱-水文干旱传播过程特征及其影响因素——以贵州黔中水利工程区为例

为探究喀斯特区域气象干旱向水文干旱传播过程特征,使用SPI与SRI标准化指数识别区域干旱,采用交叉小波、小波相干、状态转移概率等方法探讨传播强度、响应率等干旱传播特征。结果表明:(1)上世纪60 s和70 s气象干旱、水文干旱的干旱持续时间较短,而80 s与21世纪初期区域干旱持续时间较长;SPI与SRI间呈显著的正相关关系,气象干旱向水文干旱传播的过程需要1.5个月。(2)喀斯特区域的干旱传播强度DPI>1,且响应率偏高,水文干旱对气象干旱的发生极为敏感,尤其是在地表切割深度较浅、岩溶发育较为强烈的区域。(3)传播过程主要受地表切割深度的影响较大,各下垫面条件对干旱传播过程的影响程度依次为地表切割深度>岩溶发育强度>高程>地形地貌,其中,干旱传播特征与地表切割深度呈显著的负相关,与岩溶发育强度、高程、地形地貌呈正相关;在浅切割、中等切割或海拔较低、岩溶发育强烈的区域,各等级间的DPI、Rr的转移较为活跃,整体上传播特征在57年间呈增强的趋势。研究结果旨在为区域干旱防治与监测提供理论依据,尤其是为喀斯特生态环境脆弱区的可持续发展规划提供理论参考。     

Effects of elevated CO2 concentration on rhizodeposition from Lolium perenne grown on soil exposed to 9 years of CO2 enrichment

The effects of enriched CO₂ atmosphere on partitioning of recently assimilated carbon were investigated in a plant-soil-microorganism system in which Lolium perenne seedlings were planted into cores inserted into the resident soil within a sward that had been treated with elevated CO₂ for 9 consecutive years, under two N fertilisation levels (Swiss FACE experiment). The planted cores were excavated from the ambient (35 Pa pCO₂) and enriched (60 Pa pCO₂) rings at two dates, in spring and autumn, during the growing season. The cores were brought back to the laboratory for ¹⁴C labelling of shoots in order to trace the transfer of recently assimilated C both within the plant and to the soil and microbial biomass. At the spring sampling, high N supply stimulated shoot and total dry matter production. Consistently, high N enhanced the allocation of recently fixed C to shoots, and reduced it to belowground compartments. Elevated CO₂ had no consequences for DM or the pattern of C allocation. At the autumn sampling, at high N plot, yield of L. perenne was stimulated by elevated CO₂. Consistently, ¹⁴C was preferentially allocated aboveground and, consequently belowground recent C allocation was depressed and rhizodeposition reduced. At both experimental periods, total soil C content was similar in all treatments, providing no evidence for soil carbon sequestration in the Swiss Free Air CO₂ Enrichment experiment (FACE) after 9 years of enrichment. Recently assimilated C and soil C were mineralised faster in soils from enriched rings, suggesting a CO₂-induced shift in the microbial biomass characteristics (structure, diversity, activity) and/or in the quality of the root-released organic compounds.     

施氮对关中地区冬小麦农田土壤呼吸的影响及基于植被指数的估算模型

为探寻不同施氮量对农田土壤呼吸（R_S）的影响并快速准确估算R_S,以关中地区冬小麦为研究对象,观测了5种施氮量下冬小麦农田R_S的变化,研究了环境因子（土壤温度、土壤湿度）及作物因素（叶面积指数、地上部生物量、SPAD值）对于R_S的影响,建立了适用于关中地区土壤温度与植被指数下的农田土壤呼吸估算模型。设置秸秆还田下的5种施氮量处理,分别为传统施氮量SN200（200 kg·hm^-2）、优化施氮量SN150（150 kg·hm^-2）、60%优化施氮量SN120（120 kg·hm^-2）、50%优化施氮量SN100（100 kg·hm^-2）以及不施氮肥SN0（0 kg·hm^-2）。结果表明：不同施氮量下R_S随生育期推进均表现为先升高再降低的趋势,同时添加氮肥促进了R_S排放。各处理观测期内R_S的均值为：SN200（3.68 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）>SN150（3.40 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）>SN120（3.06 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）>SN100（2.70 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）>SN0（2.21 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）。不同施氮量下冬小麦冠层近红外波段反射率在拔节期和抽穗期差异明显,反射率从高到低依次为SN200>SN150>SN120>SN100>SN0,而在灌浆期和成熟期差异不大。土壤温度显著影响了R_S（P<0.01）,土壤湿度与R_S没有显著相关关系（P0.05）。叶面积指数、地上部生物量、SPAD值和植被指数均与R_S呈显著相关关系（P<0.05）。通过多种模型评估,建立基于植被指数和土壤温度的最佳农田土壤呼吸估算模型,显著高于基于土壤温度的单因子模型,模型精度可达到0.6以上（n=120）。     

内蒙古典型草原主要植物群落土壤呼吸的初步研究

从野外选取有代表性的羊草,羊草－冷蒿,大针茅,克氏针茅和沙蒿群落,原状移栽到试验场,采用动脉气室／ＩＲＧＡ法在植物主要生长期,连续测定各群落的土壤呼吸,结果表明,土壤呼吸速率具有明显的昼夜变化和动态。沙蒿群落土壤呼吸张土壤ＣＯ２排放总量低于其它群落,羊草群落ＣＯ２日排放量和ＣＯ２总排放量较高。     

返青期休牧对祁连山区中度退化草原化草甸草地的影响

为解决祁连山区高寒草地牧草返青期季节性超载过牧问题,自2015年5月至7月起连续两年在青海省祁连县默勒镇瓦日尕村的冬春放牧地上进行了为期60d的返青期休牧试验,休牧期间放牧家畜全部采用舍饲圈养,并于2016年8月中旬对休牧草地进行植被调查。结果表明,返青期休牧可使草地群落的总盖度、总植物量显著增加(P0.05),使禾本科牧草株高、分盖度和植物量显著增加(P0.05),对莎草科植物影响不显著(P0.05);阔叶型毒杂草的株高、盖度、生物量均有下降的趋势。休牧两年与休牧一年相比,群落中禾本科植物的株高、盖度、植物量均在继续增加,阔叶型毒杂草的各项指标继续下降。结果证明,返青期休牧可有效促进祁连山区草原化草甸退化草地的植被恢复,并大幅度提高草地生产力。     

松嫩草原火干扰状况研究

松嫩草原自然状态下火周期为４年,最易着火的季节—时间是每年４月和１０月,以４月份最为敏感。松嫩草原火提高的地下０．５ｃｍ处土壤温度与燃掉的可燃物量成直线正相关。燃烧指数以每年的４月份最高,大于６０,形成炙热速进火。草原火管理工作中,应着重加强对每年４月份的警戒。     

Environmental controls on photosynthetic production and ecosystem respiration in semi-arid grasslands of Mongolia

The Mongolian steppe zone comprises a major part of East Asian grasslands. The objective of this study was to separately evaluate the quantitative dependencies of gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (R_eco) on the environmental variables of temperature, moisture, radiation, and plant biomass in a semi-arid grassland ecosystem. We determined GPP and R_eco using transparent and opaque closed chambers in a grassland dominated by Poaceae species in central Mongolia during five periods: July 2004, May 2005, July 2005, September 2005, and June 2006. Values of GPP were linearly related to live aboveground biomass (AGB) enclosed by the chamber. The amount of GPP per unit ground area differed among the study periods, whereas GPP normalized by the amount of AGB did not differ significantly among the periods, suggesting that plant production per unit green biomass did not depend on the phenological stage. GPP/AGB fit well a rectangular hyperbolic light–response curve for all the study periods. When the air and soil were dry, considerable reduction in GPP was observed. The GPP/AGB ratio was also expressed as individual functions of air temperature, vapor pressure deficit, and volumetric soil water content. R_eco was exponentially related to the soil temperature and the relationship was modified by soil moisture. The amount of R_eco and its temperature sensitivity (Q₁₀) declined with decreasing soil moisture. Sharp increases of R_eco after rainfall events were observed. The values of R_eco, even including the rain-induced pulses, were expressed well as a bivariate function of soil temperature and soil moisture near the soil surface.