转基因抗虫彩色棉对棉蚜抗性的初步鉴定

将已获得的抗棉铃虫、蚜虫转基因 (Bt GNA)彩色棉纯合品 (株 )系进行了棉蚜抗性评价 ,包括罩笼接蚜试验和田间自然感蚜。结果表明 ,在天彩科技园 ,罩笼内抗虫转基因彩色棉蚜害指数减退率分别比受体对照品种减少 2 1 7%～ 30 43%,蚜体变小 ,蚜重减轻 ;罩笼外有蚜株率和卷叶株率比对照略有下降 ,蚜害指数减退率在 - 1 4 2 9%～ 5 4 1 6%之间。在卡尔墩彩色棉试验基地 ,在罩笼内抗虫转基因彩色棉蚜害指数减退率为 - 33 33%～ 5 8 34%;罩笼外有蚜株率和卷叶株率比对照略有下降 ,蚜害指数减退率在 - 2 7 76%～ 40 0 0 %之间。不同品种间棉蚜抗性有差异。     

Influence of Sulfur Fertilization on Infection of Potato Tubers with Rhizoctonia solani and Streptomyces scabies

ABSTRACT

Under conditions of sulfur (S)-deficient soil, applied S fertilization had a significant repressive effect on fungal infections such as that of oilseed rape and grapes with light leaf spot (Pyrenopeziza brassicae) and powdery mildew (Uncinula necator), respectively. For potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) it has been shown in earlier literature that elemental sulfur fertilization increased yield of potato tubers and improved tuber quality and resistance against Streptomyces scabies; the bactericidal effect was attributed to a reduced soil pH. So far, however, no information is available about the influence of S supply on bacterial and fungal diseases in potatoes. It was the aim of the present investigation to quantify the influence of S form and dose on infections of potato tubers with Rhizoctonia solani and Streptomyces scabies as a contribution to plant nutrition strategies for healthier plants. Field experiments with potatoes were conducted in 2001 and 2002 in Poland in a split-plot design with different sulfur forms (elemental S and K₂SO₄) and rates (0, 25, and 50 kg ha^{? 1} S). The application of sulfur significantly increased tuber yield in both years of experimentation. Generally, with increasing sulfur dose a significant decrease of the infection rate with Rhizoctonia solani was found for elemental S as well as for K₂SO₄ applications. Infection rate and severity of the disease was improved only by elemental S application due to a reduction in soil pH in the case of Streptomyces scabies. Thus it can be concluded that the health-promoting effect of sulfur fertilization was related mainly to the S status of the plant in case of infections with Rhizoctonia solani, while for Streptomyces scabies no mechanisms of S-induced resistance were found. The identification of differences in the S metabolism of Rhizoctonia solani and Streptomyces scabies may therefore elucidate S-induced resistance mechanisms in plants.     

反应电火花堆焊修复齿轮轴

利用DZ-1400型电火花堆焊机,以工业纯钛TA2为电极,以工业纯氮为保护气和反应气,在45号钢试件表面上制备了TiN金属陶瓷堆焊层。采用KYKY-2800型扫描电镜观察了堆焊层表面形貌、显微组织和磨损形貌,采用D/max-RA型X射线衍射仪分析了堆焊层物相,采用MH-6型显微硬度计测定了堆焊层显微硬度,采用自制磨损实验机对比了堆焊层与淬火回火65Mn钢的磨损性能,分析了电火花堆焊TiN金属陶瓷层用于轴颈修复的可行性。结果表明:反应电火花堆焊TiN金属陶瓷层与母材之间为冶金结合,堆焊层主要由电极材料钛、反应合成的TiN和基体材料铁组成,堆焊层显微硬度高,耐磨性好。变速箱齿轮轴修复实践表明,反应电火花堆焊TiN金属陶瓷层可用于修复损伤轴类件。     

小麦全基因组NBS类R基因分析及2AL染色体NBS-SSR特异标记开发

NBS (nucleotide binding site)类基因是植物界中最重要的一类抗病基因。用信息学方法从普通小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)全基因组中分离出2406条含有NBS结构的完整蛋白序列,每条包含48~2272个氨基酸。根据NBS结构域两端是否连接CC或LRR结构域,将TaNBS分为N、CN、NL和CNL4类。对TaNBS所在scaffold序列的SSR位点进行诊断,从1203条scaffold序列上发现2177个SSR位点,以二碱基重复位点最多,占73.5%。针对小麦2AL染色体上的51个SSR位点开发标记,缺体-四体和双端体验证结果表明,有39个标记(76.5%)为2AL特异标记,其中24个特异标记在抗白粉病材料Khapli (2AL上携带Pm4a)和感病材料Chancellor间存在多态性。利用近等基因系Khapli/8*Cc筛选出3个可能与Pm4a连锁的NBS-SSR标记,分别是Sxaas_2AL22、Sxaas_2AL39和Sxaas_2AL46。本研究开发的与抗病序列紧密连锁的特异SSR标记可用于2AL染色体上抗病新基因的检测以及已有抗病基因的候选序列筛选。     

关于骆驼抗逆性的思考

从探险家发现南极鱼到科学家在南极鱼体内找到抗冷冻蛋白,联想到如何挖掘骆驼所具有的抗逆性。围绕骆驼特有的耐热、耐渴、耐寒、耐饿、耐粗饲料等生物学特性,对驼产业的开发与利用提出了新的思路。     

Identification and mapping of a novel Turnip mosaic virus resistance gene TuRBCS01 in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L.)

We aimed to identify Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) resistance genes in Chinese cabbage by analysing the TuMV resistance of 43 P₁ (resistant), 88 P₂ (susceptible), 26 F₁, 104 B₁ (F₁ × P₁), 108 B₂ (F₁ × P₂) and 509 F₂ individuals. All parents and progeny populations were mechanically inoculated with TuMV‐C4. Both F₁ and B₁ populations showed TuMV resistance. Resistant: susceptible ratios in the B₂ and F₂ populations were 1 : 1 and 3 : 1, respectively. TuMV resistance in P₁ was controlled by a dominant gene, TuRBCS01. Bulked segregation analysis was performed to identify simple sequence repeat or insertion or deletion markers linked to TuRBCS01. Data from 108 B₂ individuals with resistant or susceptible phenotypes were analysed using mapmake r/exp 3.0. Polymorphic marker sequences were blast searched on http://brassicadb.org/brad/ . TuRBCS01 was found to be linked to eight markers: SAAS_mDN192117a_159 (3.3 cM), SAAS_mDN192117b_196 (4.0 cM), SAAS_mDN192403_148 (13.0 cM), SAAS_mGT084561_233 (6.8 cM), BrID10723 (3.3 cM), mBr4041 (3.3 cM), SAAS_mBr4055_194 (2.6 cM) and mBr4068 (4.0 cM). Further, TuRBCS01 was mapped to a 1.98‐Mb region on chromosome A04 between markers BrID10723 and SAAS_mBr4055_194.     

Sources of resistance to head scab in Triticum

Multi-floret and single-floret injection inoculation methods were used to test 1076 accessions of Triticum for resistance to initial infection and resistance to pathogen spread within spike tissue respectively. The data obtained between years or inoculation dates were comparatively similar and were little influenced by climatic factors, especially humid condition. All the tested materials uniformly exhibited susceptibility to initial infection, but there were great differences in resistance to spread among species or cultivars. The diploid and tetraploid wheats were severely susceptible. Only 30 genotypes of common wheat of T. aestivum concv. vulgare showed high resistance to spread. The highest frequency of high spread resistance existed in these landraces which were distributed in Zhejiang, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu provinces and Shanghai City, Guizhou, Sichuan and Yunnan provinces ranked second. The majority of wheat landraces from Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi Province and Beijing City showed susceptibility or high susceptibility. No resistance was found in Tibetian wheats. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Delayed cuticular penetration and enhanced metabolism of deltamethrin in pyrethroid-resistant strains of Helicoverpa armigera from China and Pakistan

The penetration and metabolism of [14C]deltamethrin was studied in susceptible and resistant Chinese and Pakistani strains of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), which were resistant to deltamethrin by 330- and 670-fold, respectively. The penetration of deltamethrin into resistant individuals was significantly slower than into susceptible individuals over a 24-h period. The time taken for 50% penetration of the applied deltamethrin was 1 h for the susceptible strain and 6 h for both of the resistant strains. The internal radioactivity was reduced by the larvae of resistant strains much faster than by the susceptible larvae. After 48 h, 40% of the penetrated deltamethrin was still inside the larvae of the susceptible strain, in comparison with 1.5-5% in the Pakistani strain and 8-14% in the Chinese strain. Both of the resistant strains produced methanol-soluble and water-soluble metabolites, but the susceptible strain produced methanol-soluble metabolites only. By 12, 24 and 48 h after dosing, the amount of methanol-soluble metabolites excreted by the resistant strains was almost double that of the susceptible strain. Both of the resistant strains also excreted 5-7% of the penetrated dose as a water-soluble metabolite after 48 h. In comparison with the Chinese strain, the Pakistani strain exhibited slower penetration, lower internal content and faster excretion of deltamethrin, which correlated with the higher resistance of the Pakistani strain. These findings show that the resistant Pakistani and Chinese strains of H. armigera possess mechanisms of reduced cuticular penetration and enhanced metabolism of deltamethrin and perhaps other pyrethroids.     

小麦黄矮病抗性遗传研究

采用 3× 4不完全双列杂交 ,对抗黄矮病性母本和丰产性父本的组合效应进行了黄矮病抗性遗传研究。结果表明 :①亲本的一般配合力效应与特殊配合力效应正向相关 ,而一般配合力效应更具重要性 ;②黄矮病抗性遗传符合加性—显性遗传模型 ,以加性基因效应占绝对优势 ,遗传决定度高达 97 6 8% ,狭义遗传力为 90 3%。     

乌兰布和沙区不同品种沙棘的抗旱性综合评价

[目的]了解乌兰布和沙区17个沙棘品种的抗旱能力,为选择耐旱沙棘树种提供理论依据。[方法]在不同的水分条件下,采用隶属函数值法对其抗旱性进行综合评价。[结果](1)随干旱胁迫的增加,各品种的自然水分饱和亏、束缚水及束缚水/自由水比值、细胞膜透性呈增加趋势。自然水分饱和亏在22.88%~64.85%之间,在胁迫后期,丘依斯克、欧11号、白丘的水分饱和亏接近,处于高水平状态;深秋红、欧11号在束缚水及束缚水/自由水比值处于较高水平;橙色与白丘的相对电导率显著高于其他品种。(2)随干旱胁迫的增加,各品种的叶绿素含量、保水力、光合速率、蒸腾速率及气孔导度呈降低趋势。亚历山大12号的叶绿素含量最高;橙色和向阳的失水速率显著高于其他品种;辽阜1号和深秋红的光合蒸腾速率下降幅度较大、气孔导度下降程度维持在中等水平。[结论]各沙棘品种的抗旱性由强到弱顺序依次为:辽阜1号欧11号深秋红状元黄棕丘植物园白丘西伯利亚红晕丘依斯克亚历山大12号橙色高加索向阳巨人无核卡图尼海滨沙棘。