Potential of a Fusarium eumartii culture filtrate on the screening for wilting resistance in potato

Summary Fusarium solani f.sp. eumartii Carp. Snyder and Hansen (Fusarium eumartii) is a soil inhabitant that induces the so-called Potato Wilt and Stem End Rot disease. Prior to wilting, the pathogen induces peculiar small bronze spots on the leaflets. Failure to isolate F. eumartii from infected leaflets suggests the involvement of a toxin in the disease. The fungus was grown in liquid Richard's medium and thereafter a filtrate was obtained dialyzing (MW cutoff 12,000–14,000) and sterilizing the culture by filtration (0.22 m). Potato leaves treated with both the pathogen or the filtrate showed symptoms of bronze spots and significantly higher electrolyte leakage when compared to controls. Tomato leaves showed neither bronze spots nor electrolyte leakage after plant inoculation with the pathogen or with the filtrate treatment. Both, the absence of visible symptoms and the lack of electrolyte leakage in tomato could be associated to a certain degree of host specificity of the F. eumartii filtrate towards potato. The filtrate also induced symptoms similar to infections by F. eumartii in adult plants and in vitro plantlets of cultivars Huinkul MAG and Kennebec. Callus responses to the filtrate were related to responses of the cultivars to the pathogen in greenhouse. These results show the potential of the culture filtrate of F. eumartii for use in screening for wilting resistance.     

气候对早稻土壤供肥能力的影响

为了给测土配方施肥提供土壤供肥能力的参考依据，1987年至2005年在土壤肥力较一致的马肝泥田上进行了土壤供肥能力的多点田间试验。结果表明，气候对土壤供肥能力影响显著。土壤供肥能力：高温少雨年份K2O〉N〉P2O5，低温多雨年份P2O5〉K2O〉N，正常年份K2O〉P2O5〉N。土壤供肥比例（N：P2O5：K2O）：高温少雨年份为1：0．23：0．58，低温多雨年份为1：0．29：0．56，正常年份为1：0．25：0．62。     

镉对小麦幼苗的生长和生理生化反应的影响

镉对小麦幼苗和根系生长有抑制作用,尤以对根系的抑制更为显著,但镉浓度为5ppm时,有刺激生长的作用.幼苗的脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白质含量随镉浓度的增加而增加,尤其在高浓度镉下脯氨酸含量剧增,电解质外渗率也明显增大.镉使胚乳中的α-淀粉酶活性降低,这种效应随镉浓度增高而加强,随幼苗的生长却趋于减弱.镉诱导根的正、负极向过氧化物酶同工酶产生新谱带,并使原有的一些谱带活性增强.上述结果显示出镉使小麦幼苗的细胞结构和功能受到损害,而小麦幼苗对镉害也表现出一定的适应性保护反应.     

Effects of CO2 enrichment on young plant growth of 96 genotypes of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)

Summary The early growth of 96 genotypes of tomato was studied at 320 ppm CO₂ and at 750 ppm CO₂ in separate climate rooms. Plants were harvested at 40 and 55 days after sowing. Fresh and dry weights were determined. Large differences between genotypes were found for average plant fresh and dry weights and for relative growth rates. The average overall growth enhancement by CO₂ enrichment was 2.3. Two genotypes showed significant genotype x CO₂ interaction. The consequences of these results for tomato breeding are discussed.     

Relationship between relative water content during reproductive development and winter wheat grain yield

Summary Water is often the most limiting factor to winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in the southern Great Plains of the U.S.A., yet the lack of reliable screening criteria has precluded direct selection for drought resistance in breeding programs. Previous work showed that leaf relative water content (RWC) was highly heritable when measured under field-drought conditions, but its adoption as a screening tool for yield improvement requires further investigation of the genetic relationship between grain yield and RWC. Plants representing high and low yield potential under drought stress, and a random group of plants, were selected from an F₂ population having the pedigree, TAM W-101/Sturdy. Two sets of entries, each comprised of the two parents and 24 F₂-derived lines, were evaluated under a rainshelter in the F₃ (1986) and F₄ (1987) generations to determine differences in leaf RWC during reproductive development. One set of entries did not receive any water after the jointing stage, and the other set was grown under well-watered conditions. A positive relationship was observed between grain yield and RWC measured during anthesis and mid-grain fill, as the high-yield selections maintained a significantly higher RWC than the low-yield selections. Grain yield and RWC were also positively associated among random selections segregating for both traits. Subsequent adjustment of genotype means for differences in reproductive development at time of sampling underscored the need to consider differences in maturity when RWC is the selection criterion.     

基于LCCS的大尺度土地覆被遥感产品类别相对一致性研究

该文提出了一种基于LCCS分类体系的大尺度土地覆被遥感产品间类别一致性的定量计算方法,并以GLOBCOVER和MODIS COLLECTION5两种大尺度土地覆被遥感产品为数据源对该方法进行了验证。结果表明:GLOBCOVER和MODIS COLLECTION5两者间的类别一致性区域较小,且集中分布于中国的华北、四川盆地、台湾省、西北沙漠地区和喜马拉雅山东麓。类别一致性值分区统计表明,两种土地覆被遥感产品的类别一致性面积百分比存在显著的区域差异,在东北区域,高值区和低值区总面积相近,该区域一致性值以0.5～0.7为主,约占该区域总面积的35%;在西北区域,一致性值以0.7～0.9为主;在华北区域,一致性值表现出明显的高值优势,一致性值大于0.9的区域约占区域总面积的63%;在东南区域,类别一致性值表现出高值面积百分比大于低值面积百分比的特征;青藏高寒区的类别一致性值则与东南区域相反;四川盆地的陆表土地覆被类别以耕地为主,因此表现出与华北区域类似的分布特征;西南区域各个区间的类别一致性值百分比表现出较为均匀的分布特征,并无明显优势级别。     

Analysis of Yield Response Variability to Nitrogen Fertilization in Experiments Performed in the Argentine Pampas

Abstract

Nitrogen (N) fertilization has become a common practice in corn and wheat crops in the Argentine Pampas during the past decade. In this region, great environmental variability determines erratic responses to fertilization. The quantity of data necessary for defining yield response models to N has not been investigated, and the relative yield transformation, combined with the total nutrient approach, has been widespread when analyzing fertilizer response results. The objectives were to determine the minimum data set necessary for fitting average yield functions suitable for fertilizer recommendation at regional scale and to investigate the consequences of using relative yield on N response functions when the total nutrient approach is used. Published results from two extensive fertilization networks, one with corn and the other with wheat, were used. Data were aggregated at different levels, because one single experiment to the entire network results, and yield response functions to N were fitted. Yield models tended to stability when a set of around 100 or more data points, generated in experiments performed across different sites and years, were used for fitting models with both crops. This amount of data was generated by performing 20 experiments in the corn network and 35 in the wheat network. Relative yield transformation allowed us to obtain models with lower dispersion than yield, but in the case of corn a biased model was generated that leads to underestimating fertilizer requirements. In wheat, similar fertilizer recommendations were produced from yield or relative yield functions. Response variability to fertilization must be addressed in the experimental area by increasing the amount of data used, rather than by applying the relative yield transformation.     

1960-2012年山东省近地面和高空相对湿度时空变化特征

[目的]探讨近地面和高空相对湿度的时空变化特征及其与气温和降水的关系,为研究山东省气候波动过程提供依据.[方法]基于山东省1960-2012年探空和地面观测资料,采用回归分析、IDW空间插值、Mann-Kendall单调趋势检验法以及敏感性分析等方法研究了相对湿度变化特征.[结果]1960-2012年,山东省近地面年均相对湿度呈下降趋势,变化速率为-0.23％/10 a(p＞0.05).其中,春季、秋季和夏季相对湿度下降速率大小依次为-0.45％/10 a,-0.42％/10 a和-0.18％/10 a,而冬季相对湿度却呈增加趋势(0.10％/10 a).空间上,近地面相对湿度从东部沿海向西部内陆递减,而下降趋势呈现“东快西慢”的特点.高空相对湿度也呈下降趋势,而且对流层中下层的变化趋势比上层明显.近地面相对湿度季节变化对年变化的贡献率由大到小依次为:秋季＞春季＞冬季＞夏季,对流层中下层各季的贡献率大小依次为:秋季＞冬季＞春季＞夏季,而对流层上层各季贡献率由大到小为:夏季＞秋季＞冬季＞春季.[结论]敏感性分析表明,干旱指数变化1％,将引起近地面和高空相对湿度分别变化-1.55％和-1.95％,而气温或降水变化1％,将导致相对湿度变化在-0.15％～0.09％.     

普定岩溶区水土流失与土壤漏失模式研究

普定县是贵州省水土流失比较严重的地区之一,水土流失面积占全县总面积的60.8%,土壤年侵蚀模数高达4 422.3 t/(km2·a).通过现场调查,对该地区地形特征、岩性特点和水文条件进行综合分析.结果表明,岩溶裂隙、落水洞及地下暗河发育是造成水土流失的主要因素.对岩溶区水土流失与土壤漏失模式进行了概化,探讨了水土流失过程中雨滴溅蚀、坡面侵蚀、落水洞漏失及地下暗河运移之间的关系,从理论上分析了岩溶区水土流失的作用机理,对该地区水土流失防治具有一定的指导意义.     

圆形无压隧洞恒定渐变流水面线计算的近似法

基于恒定渐变流基本微分方程,采用数值分析理论,得到流程与始、末段水深的解析函数,通过该函数可直接计算沿程水面线。该方法比《水工隧洞设计规范》中推荐的分段求和试算法更简单、便捷,特别对水深较敏感段。规范推荐试算法误差较大,并且逐段试算推求水深,将导致末端断面水深误差逐步累积,误差大,精度下降。通过工程实例计算比较得出:新解析法计算结果与规范推荐法(程序)计算结果基本一致,甚至优于规范推荐的分段试算法,完全满足工程实践要求。