油茶油脂的生物合成及调控基因的特性

茶油在种子内主要以油体形式存在,因而油体蛋白的数量与种类决定了油体的数量与特性,在长期进化中油体蛋白基因失去了内含子,可促进油体蛋白的快速表达.茶油生物合成过程中涉及了大量酶与蛋白质的参与,其中丙二酸单酰C oA决定了饱和脂肪酸的合成速度;硬脂酰ACP脱饱和酶直接控制不饱和脂肪酸的含量;油酸脱饱和酶控制多不饱和脂肪酸的含量与种类.还需克隆相关基因的全长cDNA,并通过分子生物学技术确定这些基因的功能与调控机理.     

International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria (INHAND) progress to date and future plans

The INHAND Proposal (International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria for Lesions in Rats and Mice) has been operational since 2005. A Global Editorial Steering Committee (GESC) manages the overall objectives of the project and the development of harmonized terminology for each organ system is the responsibility of the Organ Working Groups (OWG), drawing upon experts from North America, Europe and Japan.Great progress has been made with 9 systems published to date – Respiratory, Hepatobiliary, Urinary, Central/Peripheral Nervous Systems, Male Reproductive and Mammary, Zymbals, Clitoral and Preputial Glands in Toxicologic Pathology and the Integument and Soft Tissue and Female Reproductive System in the Journal of Toxicologic Pathology as supplements and on a web site – www.goreni.org. INHAND nomenclature guides offer diagnostic criteria and guidelines for recording lesions observed in rodent toxicity and carcinogenicity studies. The guides provide representative photo-micrographs of morphologic changes, information regarding pathogenesis, and key references. During 2012, INHAND GESC representatives attended meetings with representatives of the FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium (CDISC), and the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Enterprise Vocabulary Services (EVS) to begin incorporation of INHAND terminology as preferred terminology for SEND (Standard for Exchange of Nonclinical Data) submissions to the FDA. The interest in utilizing the INHAND nomenclature, based on input from industry and government toxicologists as well as information technology specialists, suggests that there will be wide acceptance of this nomenclature. The purpose of this publication is to provide an update on the progress of INHAND.     

Genetic characterization of bovine viral diarrhea virus strains in Beijing,China and innate immune responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in persistently infected dairy cattle

To acquire epidemiological data on the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and identify cattle persistently infected (PI) with this virus, 4,327 samples from Holstein dairy cows were screened over a four-year period in Beijing, China. Eighteen BVD viruses were isolated, 12 from PI cattle. Based on genetic analysis of their 5''-untranslated region (5''-UTR), the 18 isolates were assigned to subgenotype BVDV-1m, 1a, 1d, 1q, and 1b. To investigate the innate immune responses in the peripheral-blood mononuclear cells of PI cattle, the expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), RIG-I-like receptors, interferon-α (IFN-α), IFN-β, myxovirus (influenza virus) resistance 1 (MX1), and interferon stimulatory gene 15 (ISG15) was assessed by qPCR. When compared with healthy cattle, the expression of TLR-7, IFN-α, and IFN-β mRNA was downregulated, but the expression of MX1 and ISG-15 mRNA was upregulated in PI cattle. Immunoblotting analysis revealed that the expression of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3) and IRF-7 was lower in PI cattle than in healthy cattle. Thus, BVDV-1m and 1a are the predominant subgenotypes in the Beijing region, and the strains are highly divergent. Our findings also suggest that the TLR-7/IRF-7 signaling pathway plays a role in evasion of host restriction by BVDV.     

动物脂肪组织的分化起源

动物脂肪组织是机体重要的器官,主要负责能量的储存和代谢,同时分泌多种脂肪细胞因子(adipokines)参与机体生理功能的调控。脂肪组织的功能紊乱与人类的肥胖病、糖尿病以及代谢综合症密切相关,多年以来动物脂肪组织的细胞分化起源一直是研究的热点。白色脂肪、棕色脂肪和肌肉组织都来源于机体的间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs),长期以来,人们一直以为白色脂肪和棕色脂肪的分化起源更加亲近,但随着对棕色脂肪分化机制的深入研究,发现白色脂肪和棕色脂肪在早期发育阶段有着不同的前体细胞,而棕色脂肪组织与肌肉组织的分化支系更加亲近。以往的脂肪分化研究往往利用基质血管组分(stromal vascular fractions,SVF)或肌卫星细胞等混合细胞群作为实验材料,随着流式细胞仪、转基因动物模型和干细胞表面标志抗原识别等技术的发展,使我们可以从这样的混合细胞群中分离得到纯的前体脂肪细胞系,从而提示我们之前的研究可能过高的估计了这样的混合细胞群体的活体分化潜能。进一步深入研究动物脂肪组织的分化起源,有助于我们理解机体脂肪沉积的具体机制,从而为治疗脂肪代谢相关疾病以及提高动物肉品品质提供理论依据。     

Mitochondrial NAD(P)-malic enzyme from herring skeletal muscle

Mitochondrial NAD(P)-dependent malic enzyme [EC 1.1.1.39, L-malate: NAD⁺ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)] was purified from herring skeletal muscle to a specific activity of 8.2 mol/min/mg. The purification procedure involved chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, Red Agarose and a Sephacryl S-300 with a final recovery of 38% of enzyme activity. This enzyme catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of malate in the presence of either NAD or NADP in the presence of Mn²⁺. Some kinetic characteristics of this enzyme were determined. The pH optimum of activity is 7.0. ATP was shown to be a competitive inhibitor with malate. The inhibition by ATP displayed hyperbolic competitive kinetics with a K_i (ATP) of 0.28 mM in the presence of NAD and 0.75 mM in the presence of NADP. Fumarate reversed ATP inhibition.In vivo, regulation of NAD(P)-dependent malic enzyme might respond to changing levels of mitochondrial ATP and fumarate with the enzyme undergoing kinetic activation by an increase in the concentration of mitochondrial fumarate which could reverse enzyme inhibition by ATP.     

Smad泛素化调节因子2siRNA的筛选及转染原代肾小管上皮细胞条件的优化简

试验旨在优化Smad泛素化调节因子2（Smurf2） siRNA最佳转染条件,筛选最佳siRNA干扰片段,进而实现对Smurf2基因的瞬时沉默,为研究Smurf2基因在马兜铃酸肾病（aristolochic acid nephrohathy,AAN）中的作用奠定基础。本研究通过培养小鼠原代肾小管上皮细胞（renal tubular epithelial cells,RTECs）,并以脂质体Lipofectamine^TM 2000为转染介质,将Smurf2 siRNA转染入RTECs;通过观察绿色荧光的表达量及Real-time PCR反应优化转染条件,转染后Real-time PCR检测mRNA表达抑制率。CCK-8法检测Smurf2 siRNA复合物对RTECs活性的影响;同时,用Real-time PCR和Western blotting检测不同位点Smurf2 siRNA对Smurf2 表达的影响。结果显示,当Lipofectamine ^TM 2000与siRNA比例为1.5 μL∶30 pmol时,转染效率最高,为70%～80%;Smurf2-619 siRNA干扰效果最明显;与正常组相比,转染siRNA组的Smurf2蛋白表达水平显著下降（P<0.05）。最终确定了Smurf2 siRNA最佳转染条件,其中Smurf2-619 siRNA对Smurf2 表达的抑制率最高。     

稻飞虱翅型分化的研究进展

翅二型现象存在于褐飞虱(Nilaparvata lugens)、灰飞虱(Laodelphax striatellus)和白背飞虱(Sogatella furcifera)等稻飞虱种群中.综述了遗传等内在因素以及外部因素(温度、相对湿度、光周期、寄主等)对3种稻飞虱长、短翅型分化的影响,探讨了各因素对稻飞虱翅型分化的作用机制,讨论了稻飞虱翅型分化研究中存在的问题,并对制定与稻飞虱翅型分化相关的害虫控制策略提出了建议.     

基于SSH2的学生资助评价系统的开发

通过分析359个超市食品安全事件,发现化学性污染食品、物理性污染食品、假冒劣质食品和过期食品是我国超市食品安全的关键监管问题;验收和销售是超市食品安全的关键监管环节,验收环节上食品安全事件的主要原因是食品中混有异物、腐败变质和掺假掺杂,而销售环节主要是销售过期食品;从整体上看,超市食品安全风险主要来源于上游的食品生产企业。因而,在超市食品安全风险的控制对策上,超市要严格地规范操作要求,建立食品安全供应链;政府在严厉打击问题食品生产企业,遏制食品风险的传递的同时,也要积极支持超市与企业对接,做好食品质量信息传递工作,防止超市食品“柠檬市场”的产生。     

论高校合并应处理好的几个关系

本从高等教育管理理论的角度，论述了合并大学应处理好个方面的关系；学校与主管部门之间的关系，学校与学院之间的关系，领导与群众之间的关系，一所大学合并成功与否，固然受诸多因素的制药，但关键在于处理那这儿对关系。