Accuracy of pairwise methods in the reconstruction of family relationships, using molecular information from turbot (Scophthalmus maximus)

Many estimators and algorithms have been developed to infer the genealogical relationships from molecular marker data when there is no pedigree information. Most pairwise methods provide estimates in a continuous range that needs to be converted into genealogical relationships (namely full-sibs, half-sibs and unrelated) if there is a previous knowledge of the population structure. Transformations are usually based on arbitrary thresholds, but the possibility of correcting the coancestry estimates via explicit pedigree reconstruction methods has been suggested. Using molecular data for ten highly polymorphic microsatellite loci on a population of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) with a known genealogy, the behaviour of four pairwise marker-based coancestry estimators and the molecular coancestry has been evaluated. The population consisted on 138 families with 4 full-sib individuals each and one family with 8 full-sib individuals (up to 15 half-sib families were also present due to the sharing of parents between some of the full-sibs families). Our results suggested that transforming the pairwise estimators and the molecular coancestry to family relationships through the establishment of thresholds performs slightly better than the explicit pedigree reconstruction method, when accuracy is measured in a pairwise basis. However, if joint relationships between more than two individuals were tested at a time, the threshold methods led to a high percentage of incongruous triads of full-sib individuals, with Mendelian incompatibilities appearing in congruous full-sib families (more than 70% and 60% in our study, respectively). The explicit pedigree reconstruction approach, due to its nature, is free from such problems. Therefore, the pedigree reconstruction approach seems to be a valuable tool to provide a congruent and compatible pedigree when the pairwise marker-based coancestry matrices or the molecular coancestry need to be transformed.     

Multicentury trends and the sustainability of coral reef fisheries in Hawai‘i and Florida

Global overfishing indicates a need to define fisheries sustainability thresholds and identify social factors promoting successful management, but rates of fishing and factors mediating sustainability over long timescales are largely unknown. Here, we reconstruct fisheries yield for the entire period of human habitation (five to seven centuries) for two coral reef ecosystems with substantially different fisheries histories (Florida Keys and the Hawaiian Islands) and evaluate the management strategies associated with periods of sustainable fishing. This involved a mixed methods approach, in which we estimated yield by fishery sector (commercial, subsistence, recreational and aquaculture) and characterized management strategies associated with periods of sustained high yields. We found differences between the two locations, with Hawai‘i sustaining yields of more than 12 mt km^?2 for four centuries prior to the arrival of Europeans. This period was characterized by adaptive management whose design and enforcement exhibited characteristics of common property resource governance systems, and which effectively protected reef habitat, vulnerable life‐history stages for fish, and species with high susceptibilities to overfishing. Reefs in both Florida and Hawai‘i were exploited intensively after European contact, with sequential export‐driven depletion evident in Florida over the past century. Today, both exhibit strikingly similar modern catch levels, with landings exceeding 10 mt km^?2 and evidence of overfishing. Our results demonstrate that management strategies and social institutions that support strict enforcement by a local rule‐making authority have had substantial impacts on fisheries yields in the past and suggest that long‐term sustainability of fisheries is possible, although rare today.     

基于分形插值的三维路面重构与分析

原始精细的路面谱是研究车辆与路面耦合的重要基础,对车辆的通过性和噪声、振动及不平顺性NVH(noise,vibration and harshness)分析有重要的应用价值。为了构建与原始路面相同或相近的路面谱,利用非接触式激光路面不平度仪测量沥青路面、水泥路面、比利时路面和砂石路面的三维路面不平度;基于分形理论,采用迭代函数法重构这四种路面谱;结合路面不平度的统计特性评价指标和分形维数对四种路面的原始谱和重构谱进行评价。研究结果表明:重构前、后路面谱的平均值、标准差、峰度系数以及分形维数变化范围在±5%以内,除水泥路面的偏态系数变化范围均在±9%以内,重构路面谱与原始谱具有一致性;重构路面谱保持了原始路面的结构特性,并具有路面的细微结构。     

A case of hypospadias in a dog

: This clinical case report described a three-month-old mongrel dog that had the urethral orifice opening 3 cm from the tip of the penis and lacked a completely formed preputial sheath. It was presented to the clinic with an exposed penile shaft that was dry. The dog had urinary incontinence that was not of neurological origin. It also had unilateral agenesis of the right testicle. The preputial sheath was successfully reconstructed. Urinary incontinence stopped soon after surgery, suggesting that it had been probably due to an ascending urethritis. A large preputial opening was left because of the location of the urethral opening.     

Use of a semitendinosus myocutaneous flap for soft-tissue reconstruction of a grade IIIB open tibial fracture in a dog

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical use of a semitendinosus myocutaneous flap for soft-tissue reconstruction of a grade IIIB open tibial fracture. STUDY DESIGN: Case report. ANIMALS: A 5-year-old castrated male Labrador retriever with a grade IIIB open tibial fracture. METHODS: A myocutaneous flap was created by elevating the origin of the semitendinosus muscle and the associated overlying skin. The flap was rotated distally based on the distal vascular pedicle into a soft-tissue defect overlying the central and distal third of the tibia. RESULTS: The flap allowed one-stage reconstruction of a severe soft-tissue defect overlying denuded bone in a grade IIIB open tibial fracture. The muscular portion of the flap survived; however, there was necrosis of 3 cm of skin extending distally beyond the muscular portion of the flap. CONCLUSION: Distal rotation of the semitendinosus muscle and overlying skin can be used in the treatment of severe soft-tissue defects of the canine crus. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Complex soft-tissue injuries to the canine crus can be treated with a myocutaneous flap as a reasonable alternative to other reconstructive techniques.     

中国南方亚热带丘陵地区草地植被重建

以实验生态学和生态工程相结合的措施,按照人为设计理论和生态恢复的一般程序,在中国南方亚热带丘陵地区研究截叶胡枝子(Lespedeza cuneata)草地和宽叶雀稗(Paspalum wettsteinii)草地植被的重建,并探讨了这一生态恢复模式在恢复初期的生态学过程和规律.主要结果如下:     

基于粒子滤波的LAI时间序列重构算法设计与实现

遥感观测的叶面积指数（LAI）时间序列数据广泛应用于作物长势监测,但数据受大气条件等影响,存在数值偏低和时间序列数据缺失等问题。为此,本文设计了一种基于重采样粒子滤波的LAI时间序列重构算法,以LAI为同化变量,在WOFOST模型本地化的基础上,实现了遥感LAI数据和WOFOST模型模拟的LAI数据的同化,以重构LAI时间序列。算法将WOFOST作物模型简化为LAI状态随时间演变的非线性计算方程,作为重采样粒子滤波的状态转移方程;将地面实测LAI数据和遥感LAI数据建立的线性方程,作为重采样粒子滤波的观测方程,建立LAI时间序列数据同化模型。以带权重粒子表示LAI时间序列状态后验分布,并在循环迭代中对粒子重采样,以此实现单点和区域LAI时间序列重构。应用该算法,对河北省冬麦区2010年LAI时间序列进行重构,结果表明,基于重采样粒子滤波的LAI时间序列重构算法在单点和区域上得到的LAI值明显更接近冬小麦实际生长状况,且算法能够弥补遥感LAI时序数据的缺失,为进一步的作物长势监测提供基础支撑。     

福州市生物多样性保护与重建

通过分析福州市生物多样性特点,探讨保护与重建所应遵循的原则,提出关键策略,为恢复和重建福州市生物多样性提供参考。     

Three-dimensional reconstruction of electrical impedance tomography based on corresponding points matching interpolation

An interpolation algorithm with corresponding point matching is presented for interpolating two-dimensional reconstructed images of electrical impedance tomography(EIT）to realize three-dimensional reconstruction. The calculation methods of the gradient and its orientation angle have been adjusted according to the characteristic of the EIT data, and the interpolated slice shows good quality. The experimental model is a 2.1 S/m cylinder agar block immersed in a cylindrical water tank. The comparisons of the presented algorithm to the linear interpolation and the shape-based interpolation are made. The results show that corresponding point matching algorithm can ensure both accuracy and computational efficiency, thus the algorithm satisfies the requirements of the real-time EIT monitoring.     

粤北冰雪灾害受损杉木林修复技术研究

研究了粤北地区天井山林场杉木成熟林冰灾受损后的恢复重建模式,在全面伐除杉木、选留萌芽条的基础上引种6个木兰科优良树种。结果表明,6个树种均能适应该地生境,保存率均在80%以上,其中火力楠、峨眉含笑和厚朴生长较快,乳源木莲、深山含笑和观光木生长较慢,杉木萌芽条生长旺盛,在新的林分中占优势地位。