巢湖烔炀河水质空间分布特征及其改善策略

研究巢湖入湖河流炯炀河营养物质(N、P)和化学需氧量(CODcr)的空间分布特征,采用基于主成分分析(PCA)构造的多指标综合评价体系表征了河流水质空间变化趋势.炯炀河各段水质受到流域人类活动和河流自净功能的双重影响.上游炯河段污染最重,其F因子均值为1.03(范围0.05～1.64),主要是由炯炀镇生活污水排放、沿河固体废弃物堆积、农业面源污染等人类活动所致.炀河段水质相对较好,其F因子均值为-0.03(范围-0.08～0.04).炯河、炀河汇合后的炯炀河段水质自上游至下游总体上呈现先变差、后变好的趋势,其F因子均值为-0.30(范围-0.66～0.28),沿途农业面源污染对河水水质产生了显著影响.采用PCA分析对河流各项水质因子载荷大小比较后得出N、P是炯炀河水质的主控因子,第一主成分氮磷营养因子解释了河流水质空间变异的约60％.提出了炯炀河水质改善策略,为炯炀河生态型小流域规划与建设提供可行方案,为巢湖水环境治理决策提供科学依据.     

柿树受日本龟蜡蚧危害后丙二醛及保护酶变化的研究

柿树受日本龟蜡蚧危害后,分别以轻微受害(对照)、中等受害、严重受害三个等级研究了柿树体内丙二醛及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的动态变化过程,旨在揭示树体保护酶与树体抗虫作用的关系。结论如下:树体内丙二醛(MDA)含量受害区有两个增高峰,分别在4月底和6月底,丙二醛含量与受害程度成正相关。超氧化物歧化酶在中等受害区形成两个高峰期,第一个高峰期为4月底至5月中旬,第二个高峰期为7月。严重受害区在前期与对照相当,7月达到高峰,为三区之最,一直到树体生长后期,严重受害区都与对照和中等受害区保持着显著的差异,受害程度越重,SOD活性越强,有利于柿树对害虫的防御。过氧化物酶在受害区5月为第一个高峰期,第二个高峰期是7月。过氧化氢酶活性在受害区柿树生长中后期出现高峰,7月初中等受害区CAT活性最大,而严重受害区出现高峰时间较迟在7月下旬,但持续增长时间更长。     

温度对吉富罗非鱼呼吸的影响

在10-30℃条件下,测定呼吸室内吉富罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus,GIFT)呼吸频率、水体溶解氧、pH、游离二氧化碳以及氨氮的变化。结果表明,吉富罗非鱼耗氧率(Y_cr)和排氨率(R_an)随着温度(t)的升高而增大,线性回归方程分别为Y_cr=0.0038t²-0.0023t+0.0312(R²=0.9549),及R_an=0.0009t²-0.0027t+0.0037(R²=0.9475);氨熵(Q_a)为0.065-0.099(<0.33),蛋白质供能比为5%~30%,表明吉富罗非鱼主要由脂肪和碳水化合物供能。当温度在15~30℃时,随着温度的降低,二氧化碳排放率从0.0684mg/(g·h)下降至0.0114mg/(g·h)。出水pH明显低于进水pH,且进出水口pH的降低幅度随温度升高而增大。试验期间,10~30℃的呼吸商(Q_r)为0.55±0.10(<1),吉富罗非鱼主要进行有氧呼吸。     

Neuroprotective Metabolites from Vietnamese Marine Derived Fungi of Aspergillus and Penicillium Genera

Low molecular weight secondary metabolites of marine fungi Aspergillus flocculosus, Aspergillus terreus and Penicillium sp. from Van Phong and Nha Trang Bays (Vietnam) were studied and a number of polyketides, bis-indole quinones and terpenoids were isolated. The structures of the isolated compounds were determined by 1D and 2D NMR and HR-ESI-MS techniques. Stereochemistry of some compounds was established based on ECD data. A chemical structure of asterriquinone F (6) was thoroughly described for the first time. Anthraquinone (13) was firstly obtained from a natural source. Neuroprotective influences of the isolated compounds against 6-OHDA, paraquat and rotenone toxicity were investigated. 4-Hydroxyscytalone (1), 4-hydroxy-6-dehydroxyscytalone (2) and demethylcitreoviranol (3) have shown significant increasing of paraquat- and rotenone-treated Neuro-2a cell viability and anti-ROS activity.     

Vertical movements of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) associated with islands, buoys, and seamounts near the main Hawaiian Islands from archival tagging data

To learn more about the movement patterns of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus), we deployed archival tags on 87 fish ranging in fork length from 50 to 154 cm. Thirteen fish were recaptured, from which 11 archival tags were returned, representing in aggregate 943 days‐at‐liberty. We successfully retrieved data from 10 tags, representing 474 days in aggregate. The largest fish recaptured was 44.5 kg [131 cm fork length (FL)] and the smallest 2.8 kg (52 cm). The deepest descent recorded was 817 m, the coldest temperature visited 4.7°C, and minimum oxygen level reached ～1 mL L^?1. Fish spent little time at depths where water temperatures were below 7°C and oxygen levels less than ～2 mL L^?1. Five fish were recaptured near the offshore weather buoy where they were tagged. Based on vertical movement patterns, it appeared that all stayed immediately associated with the buoy for up to 34 days. During this time they remained primarily in the uniform temperature surface layer (i.e. above 100 m). In contrast, fish not associated with a floating object showed the W‐shaped vertical movement patterns during the day characteristic of bigeye tuna (i.e. descending to ～300–500 m and then returning regularly to the surface layer). Four fish were tagged and subsequently recaptured near Cross Seamount up to 76 days later. These fish exhibited vertical movement patterns similar to, but less regular than, those of fish not associated with any structure. Bigeye tuna appear to follow the diel vertical movements of the deep sound scattering layer (SSL) organisms and thus to exploit them effectively as a prey resource. Average night‐time depth was correlated with lunar illumination, a behaviour which mimics movements of the SSL.     

5‐Aminolevulinic Acid Activates Antioxidative Defence System and Seedling Growth in Brassica napus L. under Water‐Deficit Stress

The present study assesses the effects of 5‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA, 0, 0.1, 1 and 10 mg l^?1) on the growth of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. cv. ZS758) seedlings under water‐deficit stress induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000, 0 and ?0.3 MPa). Water‐deficit stress imposed negative effects on seedling growth by reducing shoot biomass, cotyledon water potential, chlorophyll content and non‐enzymatic antioxidants (glutathione and ascorbic acid) levels. On the other hand, water‐deficit stress enhanced the malondialdehyde (MDA) content, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, enzymatic antioxidants activities, reduced/oxidized glutathione ratio (GSH/GSSG) and reduced/oxidized ascorbic acid (ASA/DHA) ratio in seedlings. Application of ALA at lower dosages (0.1 and 1 mg l^?1) improved shoot weight and chlorophyll contents, and decreased MDA in rape seedlings, whereas moderately higher dosage of ALA (10 mg l^?1) hampered the growth. The study also indicated that 1 mg l^?1 ALA improved chlorophyll content, but reduced MDA content and ROS production significantly under water‐deficit stress. Lower dosages of ALA (0.1 and 1 mg l^?1) also enhanced GSH/GSSG and ASA/DHA as compared to the seedlings under water‐deficit stress. The antioxidant enzymes (ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase, catalase, glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase) enhanced their activities remarkably with 1 mg l^?1 ALA treatment under water‐deficit stress. It was also revealed that 1 mg l^?1 ALA treatment alone induced the expression of APX, CAT and GR substantially and under water‐deficit stress conditions ALA treatment could induce the expression of POD, CAT and GR to a certain degree. These results indicated that 0.1–1 mg l^?1 ALA could enhance the water‐deficit stress tolerance of oilseed seedlings through improving the biomass accumulation, maintaining a relative high ratio of GSH/GSSG and ASA/DHA, enhancing the activities of the specific antioxidant enzymes and inducing the expression of the specific antioxidant enzyme genes.     

Anti-inflammatory activities of cucurbitacin E isolated from Citrullus lanatus var. citroides: role of reactive nitrogen species and cyclooxygenase enzyme inhibition

The in vivo and in vitro mechanistic anti-inflammatory actions of cucurbitacin E (CE) (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides) were examined. The results showed that LPS/INF-γ increased NO production in RAW264.7 macrophages, whereas L-NAME and CE curtailed it. CE did not reveal any cytotoxicity on RAW264.7 and WRL-68 cells. CE inhibited both COX enzymes with more selectivity toward COX-2. Intraperitoneal injection of CE significantly suppressed carrageenan-induced rat's paw edema. ORAC and FRAP assays showed that CE is not a potent ROS scavenger. It could be concluded that CE is potentially useful in treating inflammation through the inhibition of COX and RNS but not ROS.     

Protein and Energy Metabolism of European Seabass (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Dicentrarchus labrax</Emphasis>) Juveniles and Estimation of Maintenance Requirements

The present work aimed to study metabolic utilization of energy and protein by juvenile European seabass reared at 25 °C and to estimate maintenance requirements, based on indirect calorimetry and nitrogen excretion measurements. Duplicate groups of fish (IBW = 22 g) were fed a practical diet, for 28 days, at ration levels of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 1.5% of body weight. At the end of this period, oxygen consumption and ammonia nitrogen excretion were measured in fed and unfed fish. Weight gain linearly increased with ration level. Feed efficiency significantly increased with nitrogen intake up to 0.68 g N/kg/day. Nitrogen retention (% N intake) was positive at all feeding levels, being maximum at 0.5% BW and then decreased with increasing ration levels. There was negative energy balance at the lowest ration level and significantly increased at higher ration levels. Daily oxygen consumption (g/kg body mass) and ammonia excretion (mg N–NH₄/kg body mass) significantly increased with ration level. Heat production and heat increment of feeding (kJ/kg/day) remained low at low ration levels and significantly increased as ration level increased from 0.5 to 1.5% BW. Below maintenance, protein energy represented 34% of total energy expenditure and significantly increased to 49–56% above maintenance. Based on indirect calorimetry and ammonia excretion data, maintenance energy and protein requirements were estimated to be 56.8 kJ DE/kg/day and 1.15 g DP/kg/day, respectively. The efficiencies of energy and protein utilization were estimated to be 0.83 and 0.66, respectively.     

利用变温促进罗非鱼生长的研究

在实验室内不同温度条件(恒温28℃、30℃和周期性变温28±4℃、30±4℃)下,分四组饲养罗非鱼,测定其增重、耗氧率、并推算能量同化率和组织生长效率(K_2)。结果表明,变温组均比相应恒温组生长迅速。其中以变温28±4℃组日增重最快,增重百分率最高,其次为变温30±4℃组,恒温28℃组日增重最慢,增重百分率最低。能量同化率和组织生长效率也以变温28±4℃组最高;30±4℃组能量同化率虽较高,但组织生长效率却最低。本文对变温促进罗非鱼生长的机理和其在生产实践中的意义进行了分析与探讨。