植物体内活性氧代谢及其信号传导

活性氧是植物体内一类化学性质很活泼、氧化能力很强的含氧物质的总称。它们能对机体细胞造成氧化损伤，但同时在各种防卫反应中起着积极的作用，概述了近年来植物体内活性氧代谢及其信号传导取得的研究成果。     

Oxidation and fate of chromium in soils

Abstract

The ammonia electrode method was used to characterize soil organic nitrogen. Amide-N, α-amino-N and hexosamine-N were estimated by measuring the ammonium-N derived from each organic-N with an ammonia electrode after hydrolysis of standard compounds followed by certain treatments. Each organic-N was recovered quantitatively from each standard compound in the presence and absence of soil. Twenty soil samples were analyzed for the above forms of organic nitrogen by both the distillation and electrode methods. The results obtained by the ammonia electrode method for each form of organic nitrogen agreed closely with those obtained by the distillation method. The electrode method was preferred for subsequent soil studies since it is simple and sensitive.     

The role of potassium in alleviating detrimental effects of abiotic stresses in plants

Plants exposed to environmental stress factors, such as drought, chilling, high light intensity, heat, and nutrient limitations, suffer from oxidative damage catalyzed by reactive oxygen species (ROS), e.g., superoxide radical (O₂equation/tex2gif-sup-1.gif^–), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and hydroxyl radical (OHequation/tex2gif-sup-4.gif). Reactive O₂ species are known to be primarily responsible for impairment of cellular function and growth depression under stress conditions. In plants, ROS are predominantly produced during the photosynthetic electron transport and activation of membrane‐bound NAD(P)H oxidases. Increasing evidence suggests that improvement of potassium (K)‐nutritional status of plants can greatly lower the ROS production by reducing activity of NAD(P)H oxidases and maintaining photosynthetic electron transport. Potassium deficiency causes severe reduction in photosynthetic CO₂ fixation and impairment in partitioning and utilization of photosynthates. Such disturbances result in excess of photosynthetically produced electrons and thus stimulation of ROS production by intensified transfer of electrons to O₂. Recently, it was shown that there is an impressive increase in capacity of bean root cells to oxidize NADPH when exposed to K deficiency. An increase in NADPH oxidation was up to 8‐fold higher in plants with low K supply than in K‐sufficient plants. Accordingly, K deficiency also caused an increase in NADPH‐dependent O₂equation/tex2gif-sup-6.gif^– generation in root cells. The results indicate that increases in ROS production during both photosynthetic electron transport and NADPH‐oxidizing enzyme reactions may be involved in membrane damage and chlorophyll degradation in K‐deficient plants. In good agreement with this suggestion, increases in severity of K deficiency were associated with enhanced activity of enzymes involved in detoxification of H₂O₂ (ascorbate peroxidase) and utilization of H₂O₂ in oxidative processes (guaiacol peroxidase). Moreover, K‐deficient plants are highly light‐sensitive and very rapidly become chlorotic and necrotic when exposed to high light intensity. In view of the fact that ROS production by photosynthetic electron transport and NADPH oxidases is especially high when plants are exposed to environmental stress conditions, it seems reasonable to suggest that the improvement of K‐nutritional status of plants might be of great importance for the survival of crop plants under environmental stress conditions, such as drought, chilling, and high light intensity. Several examples are presented here emphasizing the roles of K in alleviating adverse effects of different abiotic stress factors on crop production.     

Improvement of Antioxidant System and Decrease of Lignin by Nickel Treatment in Tea Plant

The effect of nickel (Ni) on the activities of antioxidant enzymes was evaluated in suspension-cultured cells of tea (Camellia sinensis L. cv. ‘Yabukita’) and two-year-old rooted cuttings of tea (Camellia sinensis L. assamica × sinensis). Suspension-cultured cells were grown in B5 medium and treated with 40 μM of Ni for 24 h. Tea plants were grown in a modified Hoagland solution and treated for one week with 40 μM of Ni. The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and ionically wall-bound peroxidase of both Ni-treated tea cells and Ni-treated tea plants increased compared with those of control groups. The activities of soluble peroxidase and covalently wall-bound peroxidase, as well as the lignin content of both tea cells and tea plants, decreased under Ni treatment. Thus it seems that Ni may have beneficial effects on tea plants via elevation of antioxidant activity and decrease of lignification of the walls.     

玉米生理年龄的差异对N缺乏诊断的影响

Many studies have shown that chlorophyll meter readings （CMRs） can be used to diagnose deficiencies of nitrogen （N） during the growth of corn （Zea mays L.） in small-plot trials, but there is need to address additional problems encountered when diagnoses are made in fields of the size managed in production agriculture. A noteworthy difference between smallplot trials and production agriculture is the extent to which the effects of N are confounded with the effects of other factors such as tillage, landscape, soil organic matter and moisture content. We illustrate how some of these factors can cause differences in the physiological age of plants and introduce errors in the diagnoses of N deficiencies. We suggest methods （measuring the height to the youngest leaf collar and assigning leaf numbers by using the first leaf with pubescence and the ear leaf as references to identify growth stages） for minimizing these errors. The simplified method of growth stage identification can be used to select appropriate plants and leaves for making diagnoses in fields and to distinguish the effects of N from the effects of other factors that influence plant growth.     

PRBs与P&T技术处理地下水污染的比较研究

关于地下水污染控制与治理的方法很多,其中抽出-处理技术(P&T)是目前应用最广泛、成熟化程度最高的技术,而渗透反应格栅(PRBs)技术是最新的处理技术,该技术在欧美已得到广泛应用。从不同角度对这2种技术进行比较,并对地下水污染处理时方法选择的影响因素和注意问题等进行研究,旨在说明渗透反应格栅技术在处理地下水污染过程中的重要性,推动该技术在我国的应用与发展,加速我国地下水污染控制与就地修复处理。     

基于智能软开关的农村配电网无功优化

农村配电网建设是农村电气化和电力发展规划的重要组成部分。目前农村配电系统整体电压低,无功补偿不足,损耗大,使得供电质量低。为了优化农村低压配电网,本研究提出了1种电容器组与智能软开关(Soft openpoint,SOP)共存的双层优化模型,上层进行电容器组的选址定容,使得配电网节点电压偏差最小,下层利用上层优化得出的电容器位置与容量,规划出SOP的位置,使得网络有功损耗最小。采用改进狼群算法对所提模型进行求解,并在IEEE33节点系统中进行仿真,验证算法可行性。     

能量调控对草莓果实采后衰老过程中活性氧及保护酶的影响

以‘红颜'草莓果实为试材,采用呼吸链解偶联剂2,4-二硝基苯酚(DNP)和外源ATP处理草莓果实,研究抑制和促进能量生成条件对草莓果实衰老过程中活性氧和保护酶的影响。结果表明,在草莓果实采后衰老过程中,DNP处理、ATP处理和对照的脂氧合酶(LOX)活性、过氧化氢(H_2O_2)含量、超氧阴离子(O_2~-)产生速率、丙二醛(MDA)含量和相对电导率均为上升。DNP处理的LOX活性、O_2~-产生速率、MDA含量和相对电导率均高于对照,CAT活性和APX活性基本均低于对照;ATP处理后上述活性氧指标均低于对照,CAT活性和APX活性基本高于对照。以上结果说明,采用外源DNP处理果实使保护酶活性下降,同时加剧了活性氧的上升与积累;外源ATP处理则提高了保护酶活性,从而缓减了活性氧的上升与积累。能量水平和活性氧代谢相互作用影响果实衰老进程,能量调控可以影响活性氧代谢从而影响草莓果实的衰老。     

Air pollution affects food security in China: taking ozone as an example

Air pollution is becoming an increasingly important environmental concern due to its visible negative impact on human health. However, air pollution also affects agricultural crops or food security directly or indirectly, which has not so far received sufficient attention. In this overview, we take ozone (O ₃ ) as an example to analyze the principles and extent of the impact of air pollution on food security in China based on a review of the literature. Current O ₃ pollution shows a clear negative impact on food security, causing around a 10% yield decrease for major cereal crops according to a large number of field studies around the world. The mean yield decrease of winter wheat is predicted to be up to 20% in China, based on the projection of future ground-level O ₃ concentration in 2020, if no pollution control measures are implemented. Strict mitigation of NO _x and VOC _s (two major precursors of O ₃ ) emissions is crucial for reducing the negative impacts of ground-level O ₃ on food security. Breeding new crop cultivars with tolerance to high ground-level O ₃ should receive serious consideration in future research programs. In addition, integrated soil-crop system management will be an important option to mitigate the negative effects of elevated ground-level O ₃ on cereal crop production and food quality.     

非正弦系统广义无功功率及广义功率因数的物理解释

在应用相关技术分析电流电压波形与广义无功功率之间的关系的基础上，提出了电流电压波形相似和波形完全相似的概念，用此概念论证了广义功率因数是电流总体波形与电压总体波形完全相似程度的一种度量，明确了广义无功功率是由于电流总体波形与电压总体波形存在差异所造成的这一物理概念。文中还给出了电流电压波形相似系数和波形完全相似系数的定义式，其中波形相似系数描述了电流波形相对电压波形的非畸变程度和对称程度，波形完全相似系数等价于广义功率因数，表征了系统容量的利用率。