Towards a methodology for on-farm conservation of plant genetic resources

The signing of the Convention on Biological Diversity at the ``Earth Summit' in 1992, its ratification and its subsequent entering into force have highlighted the need for an approach to biodiversity conservation that employs both ex situ and in situ techniques in a complementary manner. Though much research has focused on ex situ techniques, less progress has been made in developing methodologies for the conservation of genetic diversity in situ. The definition of in situ conservation used in the Convention on Biological Diversity encompasses two distinct processes: conservation of wild species in genetic reserves and of crops on-farm. Of these two, the latter, where the genetic diversity of crop land races is conserved within traditional farming systems, has been the less studied and remains less well understood. While there are still relatively few practical examples of on-farm genetic resources conservation, most genetic diversity of immediate and potential use to plant breeders is found among land races, and there is evidence that it is being rapidly eroded. This paper attempts to set on-farm conservation within the context of plant genetic resource conservation as a whole, to introduces a possible generalised model for the conservation of genetic diversity on-farm and to promote debate around the science of on-farm conservation.     

评价水稻品种抗稻瘟病性两种方法的比较

本文比较了用稻瘟病菌的一个单孢菌株代表一个生理小种测定品种抗病频率和不分小种而直接用多个单孢菌株测定品种的抗病频率的优缺点.指出前者因同一生理小种内各菌株致病力有差异,以及抽样的随意性,测得的品种抗优势小种数实际上是抗菌株数,后者克服了前者的缺点,并得到自然病圃病情的验证,但仍有不足之处,有待改进.     

上海地区稻瘟病菌生理小种研究

1977年～1982年,用我国一套鉴别品种对本市郊区稻瘟病菌生理小种进行了研究。共采集全郊区61个籼粳稻品种的病标样186份,测试364个单孢菌株,鉴定出8群20个小种,其中ZF_1小种出现频率最高,分布于全郊区,为优势小种。在几年稻瘟病菌生理小种研究的基础上,选择代表性菌株31个,进行测定,筛选出郊区致病性基本稳定的菌株有:77-43-2(ZB_1)、77-93-1(ZB_(17))、77-03-1(ZD_3)、77-121-3(ZE_1)、77-101-4(ZE_3)77-08-1(ZF_1)、77-91-1(ZG_1)和78-41-1(ZA_(61))。对上海地方品种资源和当家品种进行抗性分类研究。品种资源中以“晚绿”种抗性最强。10个籼稻当家品种,以“庆莲16”抗性最强。18个粳稻当家品种中,“沪选19”抗性最弱。 1978年～1979年在发病严重的枫围公社和向化公社设立病圃。生长期间逐月采集标样,测定其小种消长,病圃每月出现1～2个小种,以ZF_1小种占优势。     

我国大豆抗孢囊线虫病研究与品种选育

综述了近年来我国在大豆孢囊线虫病抗病研究与育种方面取得的进展.主要包括:大豆孢囊线虫病生理小种类型分布;抗大豆孢囊线虫病品种资源的筛选和鉴定;抗大豆孢囊线虫病品种的选育.并对该研究领域的发展趋势进行了讨论.     

马铃薯晚疫病菌生理小种的异质性研究

在马铃薯晚疫病生理小种的鉴定中 ,经常出现结果不合理的现象 ,这时应通过单基因和复合基因鉴别寄主的发病情况反复相互验证 ,并增加重复次数 ,才能得出正确的结论。试验证实马铃薯晚疫病菌的生理小薯不是异质的 ,而是同质的     

Identification of new sources of resistance to Striga gesnerioides in cowpea germplasm

There have been reports of breakdown of striga resistance in previously resistant cowpea cultivars in Burkina Faso. This could be attributed to new striga races emerging or to an increase in the aggressiveness of current striga races. Therefore, cowpea genotypes were evaluated in fields infested with S. gesnerioides at three striga hot spots in Burkina Faso and in pots under artificial infestation with striga races SR 1, SR 5 and SR Kp to identify new, adapted and striga‐resistant sources. Cowpea genotypes showed differential reactions for striga resistance over sites and for striga races in pot experiments, indicating differences in the races involved, and SR Kp was reported as a new race. Resistant sources conferring site‐specific or multiple striga‐race resistance were identified. Genotypes 58‐57, Sanga 2, IT84S‐2049, IT98K‐205‐8, IT93K‐693‐2, KVx771‐10, KVx775‐33‐2, KVx61‐1, Gorom local, Mouride and Melakh conferred resistance to all three striga races. These genotypes are potential donor parents for breeding new, adapted and striga‐resistant genotypes. Cowpea landraces including Moussa local and Niaogo local with farmers' preferred traits were susceptible and need improvement for striga resistance.     

Race structure and frequency of avirulence genes in the western Canadian Leptosphaeria maculans pathogen population,the causal agent of blackleg in brassica species

Leptosphaeria maculans is the causal agent of blackleg, a serious disease on canola/rapeseed in western Canada, Australia and Europe. Genetic resistance and extended crop rotation provided effective disease control in western Canada for years but the emergence of new pathogen races has reduced the effectiveness of current management strategies. The objective of this study was to analyse L. maculans isolates derived from canola stubble in commercial fields collected in 2010 and 2011 across western Canada for the presence and frequency of avirulence (Avr) genes. A total of 674 isolates were examined for the presence of Avr alleles AvrLm1, AvrLm2, AvrLm3, AvrLm4, AvrLm6, AvrLm7, AvrLm9, AvrLepR1, AvrLepR2 and AvrLmS using a set of differential host genotypes carrying known resistance genes or PCR amplification of AvrLm1, AvrLm6 and AvrLm4–Lm7. Certain alleles were more prevalent in the pathogen population, with AvrLm6 and AvrLm7 present in >85% of isolates, while AvrLm3, AvrLm9 and AvrLepR2 were present in <10% of isolates. A total of 55 races (different combinations of Avr alleles) were detected, with the two most common ones being AvrLm2–Lm4–Lm6–Lm7 and AvrLm2–Lm4–Lm6–Lm7–LmS. Races carrying as many as seven and as few as one known Avr allele were detected. Selection pressure from the race‐specific resistance genes carried in canola cultivars has probably played a significant role in the current Avr profile, which may have also contributed to the recent increase in blackleg observed in western Canada.     

2013-2016年甘肃省小麦条锈菌生理小种变异监测

2013-2016年对1 000份甘肃省小麦条锈菌标样进行生理小种鉴定和监测, 结果表明:共监测到56个生理小种及致病类型。贵农22致病类群已占据优势地位, 出现频率由2013年的28.72%上升到2016年的66.76%。新小种条中34号(原代号贵22-9)出现频率由2013年的11.28%上升到2016年的34.85%, 居第一位; 条中32号出现频率由2013年的15.38%下降到2016年的9.12%, 居第二位; 贵22-14致病类型2016年出现频率6.43%, 居第三位; 条中33号出现频率由13.85%降为5.63%, 居第四位。次要小种HY4、HY8、水11-4、水11-5、水11-7及贵22-8、贵22-45、贵22-74等类型出现频率较低, 在051%~615%之间。毒性频率分析发现, 到2016年对 Yr9、Yr3b + Yr4b、YrSu、Yr26 基因的毒性频率均超过58%, 其中对 Yr26 超过72%, 甘肃省小麦条锈菌群体已进入以条中34号为主、贵农22致病类群占优势的新的变异活跃期。抗锈育种应以针对条中34号、条中32号、条中33号为主, 兼顾贵农22、Hybrid 46和水源11致病类群中其他类型。     

小麦条锈病菌非亲和性小种诱发小麦抗锈性研究

 在水源11、洛夫林10等7个品种上分别选择小麦条锈菌CY17、CY28等9个生理小种中非亲和小种进行诱发接种,亲和小种为挑战小种。观察发病后的病情指数并与单独接种诱发小种和单独接种挑战小种处理的病情指数进行比较。证明诱发抗病现象是比较普遍的,但表现程度因小麦品种、诱发小种和挑战小种而不同。诱发抗病性的表达时间可持续8 d,以诱发接种后1~2 d表达最强。诱发接种量与诱发抗病性表达呈指数函数关系,也间接证明这种诱发抗性是局部的。作者认为:诱发抗病性在品种、诱发和挑战小种不同组合之间的差异在小种动态中会起一定的作用。     

Identification of resistance genes to Puccinia striiformis in seedlings of Ethiopian and CIMMYT bread wheat varieties and lines

In a controlled environment, the reaction was observed of 42 bread wheat varieties and lines inoculated with 19 isolates of yellow rust differing in their virulence to 20 differential varieties. Five varieties and lines showed resistance to all isolates. The remaining ones appeared to have the genesYr2, Yr3, Yr4, Yr6, Yr7, Yr9 andYrA, either singly or in combination.Yr9 derived from rye was present in 67% of the varieties and lines.Yr4 is the only effective gene in that material as, in Eastern and Central Africa, yellow rust has virulence to the otherYr genes. Recognition of virulence toYr genes is enhanced by the use of a supplemental set of differential varieties supposedly carrying a single gene.Samenvatting Onder geconditioneerde klimaatsomstandigheden zijn 42 Ethiopische en CIMMYT rassen en lijnen van broodtarwe (Triticum aestivum) in het kiemplantstadium geïnoculeerd met 19 isolaten van gele roest die onderling verschilden in hun pathogeniteit voor 20 differentiërende tarwerassen waarvan de resistantie-achtergrond bekend is. De genom-gen relatie is toegepast om resistentiegenen te identificeren. Vier rassen en lijnen bleken resistent te zijn tegen alle isolaten. Verondersteld wordt dat hun resistentie berust op genen die niet eerder herkend waren of op een combinatie van bekende genen die niet compatibel was met de gebruikte isolaten. In het overige tarwemateriaal kon de aanwezigheid worden aangegeven van de resistentiegenenYr2, Yr3, Yr4, Yr6, Yr7, Yr9 enYrA. Het van rogge afkomstige en door het CIMMYT veel gebruikte resistentiegenYr9 was in 28 rassen en lijnen (67%) aanwezig. In het onderzochte tarwemateriaal isYr4 het enige voor Oost en Centraal Afrika effectieve resistentiegen omdat de daar voorkomende gele roest pathogeniteit bezit voor de overige genen. Het herkennen van pathogeniteit van gele roest voor bepaalde resistentiegenen is verbeterd door het toevoegen van tarwerassen met monogene resistentie aan het internatinale gebruikte tarwesortiment voor de determinatie van gele-roestfysio's.