云南咖啡抗锈品种抗锈性丧失原因及防治对策

针对云南咖啡抗锈品种不同植区出现锈病,结合国内锈病小种分布情况,开展了咖啡大田抗锈性丧失原因的调查研究,结果表明:寄主-病原菌-环境的相互作用,使咖啡锈病生理小种不断变异,导致抗锈性丧失,阐述了持久抗锈品种选育研究和合理配置对咖啡品种抗锈持久的重要性,提出了防治锈病的措施。     

Characterization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora clandestina</Emphasis> races on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trifolium subterraneum</Emphasis> in Western Australia

Phytophthora clandestina is a causal agent of root rot disease of subterranean clover in Western Australia (W.A). As a significant number of isolates of P. clandestina from W.A. could not previously be designated using existing differentials, a comprehensive set of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) cultivars was used as differentials to delineate a broader range of races of the pathogen. One hundred and one isolates of the pathogen collected from W.A. were screened on nine subterranean clover cultivars, of which seven were found to be useful as host differentials. A total of 10 races (in contrast to the five recognized previously) were defined and differentiated using octal nomenclature, presenting a clearer picture of the racial distribution of P. clandestina among W.A. isolates. Differences were found in the race populations between Australian states and are therefore important to the selection/breeding of cultivars for specific regions of Australia to counter the predominant race populations and for enforcing quarantine measures in relation to seed movements within and outside Australia. The octal nomenclature used provides a sound basis for follow-up studies and future race designations. Races 173 and 177 in this study were widely distributed and were the most common races in W.A., and together constitute 80% of the isolates characterized. While six of the seven host differentials were resistant to isolates belonging to race 001 and all were resistant to 000, it is of concern that only one differential was resistant to 157 and 173 and that none of the host differentials were resistant to 177. Our approach to P. clandestina race delineation is clearly conservative and is different from previous studies. The octal nomenclature we applied in this study is not only scientifically sound but also will facilitate rapid recognition and characterization of the races.     

河北省西瓜枯萎病菌生理小种分化及其分布

采用国际公认的鉴别寄主SugarBaby、CharlestonGray和CalhounGray的病株率作为抗性分级标准,对采集于河北省西瓜种植区46个县(市)的西瓜枯萎病菌系进行了致病性测定。根据鉴别寄主对供试菌系的抗感反应,将46个西瓜枯萎病菌系划分为0号、1号和2号3个不同的生理小种,分别包括8,30和8个菌系,占供试菌系的17.4%、65.2%和17.4%;0号生理小种菌系致病性最弱,仅使品种SugarBaby感病,以冀中和冀南居多;1号生理小种菌系致病力中等,使鉴别寄主SugarBaby和CharlestonGray感病,而使CalhounGray抗病,分布在整个河北省西瓜种植区;2号生理小种的菌系致病力最强,使3个鉴别寄主均能感病,主要分布在冀中和冀北。     

谈田间自然诱发鉴定品种抗瘟性的实用性

 采用日本9个单基因鉴别品种和BL₁、K₅₉鉴定昆明抗瘟性鉴定圃中的稻瘟菌生理小种,计算病菌对各抗性基因型的致病率与病圃中已知抗性基困品种按基因型归类的平均感病程度的关系,病菌致病率高的感病程度也高,呈显着正相关,叶瘟r=0.941,穗瘟r=0.844.用已知抗性基因的品种,在具有对所持抗性基因能致病的稻瘟病菌的粳稻区进行多点鉴定.在多点上表现一致抗病的品种,可视为具有田间抗性.     

2004年甘肃省小麦条锈菌生理小种变异监测

对2004年采自甘肃省天水、陇南、定西、兰州、临夏及四川省绵阳、屏山、温江等地的276份小麦条锈菌标样进行监测,结果表明:共监测出29个生理小种及致病类型。小种消长变化总趋势与2003年基本相同,继续以Hybrid46及水源11致病类群为主,水源14类型仍为第1位流行小种,出现频率为29.3%。条中32号为第2位流行小种,出现频率已由2003年的12.4%上升到2004年的25.0%。水7、水4、居第3、4位,频率分别为8.3%、7.6%。所不同是条中31号仍为次要小种,但频率有所上升。其它小种出现频率基本不变。Yr9、Yr3b 4b、Yrsu为我省的主要致病基因。抗锈育种应以条中32号、水14、水4为主,兼顾Hybrid46和水源11致病类群中其它致病类型。     

Lessons for breeders from land races of lentil

Using the ancient, but under-researched, lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) as an example, the paper charts the spread of the crop from its origins in the Near East arc to its current distribution and reviews the patterns of variation found in its land races to draw lessons for crop improvement. Geographic differentiation of land races is known for sensitivity to temperature and photoperiod in flowering response, base temperature for germination and for winter survival and Fe-efficiency. Collectively such factors condition the specific adaptation in lentil. Cogniscent of this pattern of adaptation, the ICARDA breeding program has decentralized into a series of separate, but finely targeted, streams integrated with national breeding programs. Within land races of lentil there is considerable heterogeneity. To provide some heterogeneity within individual lines of second-cycle genetic material, the breeding program at ICARDA for the West-Asian lowlands is producing F_{3 or 4}-derived advanced generation bulk lines.     

Induced mutagenesis for the development of multiline cultivars in bread wheat

Summary Variation for resistance toPuccinia graminis f.sp.tritici, P. recondita f.sp.tritici andP. striiformis was induced in theTriticum aestivum cultivar Lalbahadur using nitrosomethyl urea. Variations were isolated from the M₂ population in the post-seedling stage in the field when infected with a mixture of races of each of the three rusts. Plants exhibiting simultaneous resistance to stem rust, leaf rust and yellow rust were indentified. Repeated screening in the subsequent generations confirmed the resistance of the mutant lines that are morphologically similar to the parental cultivar. The rust resistance of 20 mutant lines was also confirmed at the seedling stage using individual races of stem rust and leaf rust. The different patterns observed in the mutant lines tested against a wide range of races show that these lines can be used as components of a multiline. The patterns of variation compared with those of the known genes for resistance against the Indian races of the pathogens suggest that the mutations for rust resistance are due to factor different from those already known in bread wheat, providing a broadened genetic base for future breeding programmes.     

Genetic variability for seed oil content and seed index in some wild species and perennial races of cotton

A 3‐year study was made on genetic variability of seed oil content and seed index with 20 wild species, two cultivated species and six perennial races of Gossypium arboreum cotton maintained at the Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur, India. The mean seed oil content varied from 10.26 to 22.89% in 22 species of Gossypium and six races of G. arboreum. In this material the weight of delinted seed varied from 43.33 to 54.54 mg/seed. The highest seed oil content was recorded in the species G. lobatum followed by G. harknessii. On average, for both traits, the means were higher for G. arboreum and its races. However, G. africanum and G. harknessii reached the level of G. arboreum and its races for seed weight, while five wild species surpassed the best races and G. arboreum in seed oil content, among them was G. harknessii. To breed simultaneously for seed oil content and seed weight, crosses between races of G. arboreum and wild species of Gossypium seem to be promising.     

The effect of pre- and post-inoculation temperature on resistance in certain cultivars of poplar to races of Melampsora larici-populina kleb.

Summary Four cultivars of Populus spp., compatible to varying degrees with four races of M. larici-populina Kleb., were raised in a controlled environment on a high (28°/20°C, day/night) and low (20°/10°C) temperature regime. Leaf discs cut from the plants were inoculated separately with four individual races of M. laricipopulina and subsequently incubated at either low (20°C) or high (25°C) temperature for 14 days when disease development on the discs was assessed using three parameters (Incubation period to flecking, uredia per leaf disc and uredospores per mm²). The degree of resistance in all cultivar/race combinations was high on cultivars cultured at a high temperature regime compared to those cultured on a low temperature regime. Analysis of variance demonstrated that the major components: pre-inoculation temperature regime, post-inoculation temperature regime, race and cultivar, and most second and third order interactions between these were highly significant (P<0.001) for most disease parameters. The variance of the temperature components and all interactions involving these were usually higher than those for the cultivar and race components and those interactions lacking temperature components.These results emphasize the importance of the temperature regime at which plants are raised and the temperature of incubation, following the inoculation in determining the relative degree of resistance of these cultivars of poplar to races of M. larici-populina. The implications of these results in the epidemiology of leaf rust and the stability of the host-parasite relationship are discussed.     

Pathogenic variation in Melampsora medusae leaf rust of poplars

Summary Nineteen isolates of Melampsora medusae (Thüm.), collected from natural stands of Populus deltoides (Bartr.) along the lower Mississipi River Valley, were tested for the occurrence of physiologic races by inoculation of nine poplar clones. Eight distinct races were identified based upon differential responses on these clones. However, most of the isolates also differed in their aggressiveness (latent period and uredial number per leaf disk), and a significant isolate × cultivar interaction was observed for both traits. Within a specific geographic location, more than one race was present. Isolates from the northernmost sampling location (37°N latitude) appeared more aggressive than those from southern latitudes (34–36°N latitude). Thus wild pathosystems may be composed of variable pathogen populations differing in virulence and the apparent stability usually observed in such systems may be due to the genetic diversity of the host population in interaction with many epidemiological and ecological factors.The investigation reported in this paper (No. 86-8-96) is in connection with a project of the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station and is published with approval of the Director.