西方蜜蜂（Apis mellifera）不同亚种及其杂交组合泌蜡力的研究

本试验研究了西方蜜蜂五个亚种和Ea与之正反交组合的泌蜡量，并分析了影响泌蜡量的主要因素与泌蜡量的关系，结果是影响蜂群泌蜡量的因素有：（1）蜂种；（2）蜜集度，另外，蜂群的子脾数，贮粉量，贮蜜量等对泌蜡力也有影响。     

半野生棉抗黄萎病筛选及根系分泌物对黄萎病菌的影响

 对陆地棉7个野生种系的220份材料进行黄萎病菌的抗性筛选,用8份不同抗性材料进行了根系分泌物分析。从220份材料中筛选出18份抗黄萎病材料。根系分泌物研究表明,抗病品种根系分泌物对黄萎病菌菌丝生长及孢子萌发均具有抑制作用,而感病品种根系分泌物对其则有促进作用。另外通过对根系分泌物中氨基酸和可溶性糖的分析发现,抗病品种根系分泌物中氨基酸种类少于感病品种,并且抗病品种根系分泌物中氨基酸总量和可溶性糖含量显著少于感病品种。同时发现,精氨酸为抗病品种特有氨基酸。     

2003～2004年云南省中部地区小麦条锈病生理小种鉴定结果

2003~2004年采自云南省中部地区的主要生产品种和重要抗源上的小麦条锈病标样52份,其鉴定结果基本反映了本年度云南省中部地区小麦条锈病菌生理小种的状况。共鉴定到9个小种和致病类型,有条中32号,条中31号,Hybrid46-8,-7,-5,-4,水源11-14,-12和洛13-8。条中32号和Hybrid46-7为主要流行小种,条中32号位居第一,出现频率为48%,其次为Hybrid46-7(24%),Hybrid46-4和Hybrid46-5的出现频率相当(6%),为一般流行小种,出现频率较高的还有Hybrid46-8,水源11-14和洛13-8,其它为稀有小种和致病类型。抗锈育种应以条中32号和Hybrid-7,-5,-4为主要对象,兼顾Hybrid46,水源11和洛13的其他致病类型。     

2002~2003年甘肃省小麦条锈菌生理小种监测结果

2002～2003年对甘肃省421份小麦条锈菌标样进行了监测,结果表明有28个生理小种及致病类型小种消长变化总趋势与以往基本相同,仍以Hybrid46及水源11致病类群为主;不同的是流行小种类型发生变化。水源14类型已成为第1位流行小种,出现频率为23.1%～27.9%。条中32号为第2位流行小种,出现频率为12.4%～17.4%。水4、水7、水5出现频率也逐年上升,而条中31号已降为次要小种;Yr9、Yr3b+4b、Yrsu为甘肃的主要致病基因。抗锈育种应以条中32号、水14、水4为主,兼顾Hybrid46和水源11致病类群中其它致病类型。     

Diversity of Phytophthora Clandestina Isolated From Subterranean Clover in Southern Australia: Analysis of Virulence and RAPD Profiles

The virulence spectrum of 112 isolates of Phytophthora clandestina collected from 56 sites in four subterranean clover-growing states in southern Australia was determined using differential cultivars of subterranean clover. Five races were detected, with race 0 in all states except New South Wales, race 1 in all states, race 2 only in Victoria, race 3 only in New South Wales, and race 4 in Victoria and Western Australia. The level of genotypic diversity among the different P. clandestina populations was investigated using five RAPD primers. Among 30 bands amplified, only two were polymorphic. This enabled identification of four multilocus RAPD genotypes. Three of the four genotypes occurred in all four states. Races 2 and 3 occurred with RAPD genotypes 1 and 2 only whereas races 0 and 1 occurred in all four multilocus RAPD genotypes. These results indicate that the pathogenicity spectrum of P. clandestina can change rapidly.     

Occurrence of races and pathotypes of cucurbit powdery mildew in southeastern Spain

The causal agent of cucurbit powdery mildew in southeastern Spain has been investigated since 1996. Of the 139 single-spore isolates obtained, all were identified asSphaerotheca fusca. Four physiological races (1, 2, 4 and 5) of the pathogen were detected. During the survey, a population shift ofS. fusca was observed: race 1 was progressively replaced by other races. In addition, race coexistence was observed in several cucurbit greenhouses. Four host range patterns or pathotypes were distinguished among the isolates ofS. fusca. All isolates were highly aggressive on melon and especially on zucchini cultivars. No clear relationships between races and pathotypes could be established, although isolates virulent on watermelon were preferentially associated with race 1. These data show an apparent heterogeneity ofS. fusca populations in southeastern Spain that should be analyzed further. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Aug. 9, 2002.     

Virulence variation and DNA polymorphism in Sphaerotheca fuliginea, causal agent of powdery mildew of cucurbits

Strains of Sphaerotheca fuliginea, one of the causal agents of powdery mildew of cucurbits, were examined for differences in virulence, mating type and DNA polymorphism. The 28 strains were chosen to be diverse according to host and geographic origin. Characterization of virulence phenotypes was based on the expression of symptoms on 4 species of cucurbits and 6 cultivars of melon. Two pathotypes, capable of attacking either cucumber cv. Marketer and melon cv. IranH and squash cv. Diamant or cucumber cv. Marketer and melon cv. IranH were observed. Tests on melon cultivars revealed 3 races. In tests of sexual compatibility with reference strains, heterothallism was observed for all isolates. Frequency of the two mating types differed significantly in the population. DNA polymorphism was determined both by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and 5.8S DNA amplified by the polymerase chain reaction and by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). For any one of the 11 restriction enzymes tested all strains presented an identical pattern of ITS RFLP. RAPD analysis, using 22 primers which provided reproducible patterns, revealed a relatively low degree of polymorphism. Furthermore, cluster analysis based on RAPD data (152 markers) did not separate groups within the species S. fuliginea. No association could be found between virulence, mating type, geographical and host origin and RAPD patterns. The lack of association between phenotypic and molecular markers and the close fit to linkage equilibrium for the characters examined suggest that recombination may play a role in populations of S. fuliginea.     

黑龙江省稻瘟病菌生理小种鉴定及外引水稻资源的抗瘟性筛选

本试验将2006年、2007年和2008年3年采集的478个单孢菌株,利用日本的12个鉴别寄主和中国的7鉴别寄主两套鉴别体系对黑龙江省稻瘟病菌致病型进行分类,鉴别出优势小种为77.7、377.7、737.5、100、ZE1、ZG1;强毒力小种为437、777.7、777.1、ZA9、ZA1、ZA13;利用优势菌群和240个供试单孢菌株对63份外引水稻资源进行抗瘟性筛选,筛选出抗谱80%以上的资源有G39、吉粳88、沈农9903,可以广为利用;同时得出利用优势小种和强毒力小种对水稻资源进行抗瘟性筛选,是一项简单而准确的初筛选技术。     

水稻稻瘟病研究进展

从分子生物学在水稻遗传育种中的应用、稻瘟病菌生理小种的鉴别与变异和寄主与病原菌的互作关系三方面详细综述了稻瘟病防治的研究进展,并对未来的工作方向和前景进行了展望。     

Indigenous highly virulent accessions of the sunflower root parasitic weed Orobanche cumana

Orobanche cumana (broomrape) is a severe constraint to sunflower production in southern and eastern Europe and the Middle East. Races A to E of this parasitic weed controlled by genes Or₁ to Or₅ have been described. A study of 38 seed accessions of O. cumana collected from different locations in Spain between 1983 and 2003 investigated the effect of long‐term storage in the laboratory on germination and infectivity and assessed their virulence on a number of sunflower cultivars. Only 18 infected the susceptible cultivar B117. Infectivity was maintained for up to 17 years of storage, but with a greatly decreased vigour as compared with that of recently collected seed. The 12 oldest viable accessions overcame the resistance of the gene Or₅ (in resistant line NR5). Seven out of them, in particular those collected in 1988 and 1989, were identified as race F. Three accessions were identified as race E allegedly holding components of higher virulence. Our results show evidence of the occurrence of race F prior to the use of sunflower hybrids resistant to race E, suggesting the former as indigenous to the country. This finding suggests the necessity of a continuous breeding of sunflower for resistance to O. cumana. The effectiveness and sustainability of genetic resistance must rely on the knowledge of the diverse virulence characteristics of O. cumana accessions.