白蚁防治药剂在模拟房屋白蚁预防施工土壤中残留降解性动态研究

[目的]研究房屋白蚁预防药剂毒死蜱和联苯菊酯在合肥地区土壤中的降解动态。[方法]以毒死蜱和联苯菊酯为供试药剂,研究白蚁预防药剂在土壤中的残留降解性.[结果]添加浓度为50mg／kg时,毒死蜱和联苯菊酯的回收率分别为96．90％和93．25％,变异系数分剐为2．76％和4．02％、毒死蜱在土壤中的降解可以分为先快后慢2个阶段,而联苯菊酯在土壤中的降解符合一级动力学方程,、2种药剂的降解速度都较快,但联苯菊酯的降解速度比毒死蜱慢,毒死蜱的半衰期为79．68d,联苯菊酯的半衰期为94．96d。由2种药剂的降解方程计算得联苯菊酯的有效期为911d,毒死蜱的有效期为478d。[结论]该研究为白蚁防治药剂在房屋白蚁预防工程中的合理应用、安全性评价以及制定行业质量标准提供了理论依据。     

Relationship between biochemical biomarkers and pre-copulatory behaviour and mortality in Gammarus pulex following pulse-exposure to lambda-cyhalothrin

The impact of the pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin was studied in an in-stream mesocosm placed in a natural riffle of a Danish stream. Twice during summer 2002, the natural macroinvertebrate community was exposed in situ to a 30-min pulse of lambda-cyhalothrin. During exposure, nets caught macroinvertebrates in drift. Exposed and unexposed individuals of the amphipod Gammarus pulex (L) were transferred to aquaria in the laboratory and monitored for biochemical changes (ie biomarkers), pre-copulatory behaviour and mortality. Biochemical biomarkers were identified by screening extracts of exposed and unexposed G pulex using high-performance planar chromatography (HPPC). Biochemical biomarkers were detected 3 h after pulse-exposure, and one biomarker was persistent up to 7 days after exposure. Pre-copulatory behaviour (ie pair formation) was significantly impaired up to 5 days after exposure, and had not fully recovered at the end of the observation period. EC10(0.5 h) and EC50(0.5 h) values for pre-copulatory behaviour were 0.04 and 0.20 microg litre(-1), respectively. Mortality was significant at 0.35 microg litre(-1) with an LC50(0.5 h) of 5.69 microg litre(-1). There was a significant relationship between two biomarkers and mortality. The study demonstrated that pulse-exposure at expected environmental concentrations can reduce local populations of G pulex, resulting in severe impact on populations with limited possibilities of re-colonisation.     

棉铃虫对菊酯类药剂的抗性狭义遗传力

通过单对交配设计不同的交配家系,采用半同胞法分析了棉铃虫对三氟氯氰菊酯和氰戊菊酯的抗性狭义遗传力,并对2种菊酯类药剂的抗性发展速度进行评价。结果表明,棉铃虫对三氟氯氰菊酯和氰戊菊酯的抗性狭义遗传力分别为0.2476±0.0248和0.4625±0.1578,说明棉铃虫对氰戊菊酯的抗性发展速度要快于三氟氯氰菊酯。另外,通过方差分析发现,在棉铃虫对拟除虫菊酯类药剂的抗性遗传中,母体效应对其没有影响。     

菊酯类农药在稻田使用初探(二)——拟除虫菊酯类农药在稻田使用的环境安全性研究

本文研究拟除虫菊酯类农药在稻田使用对水生生物、天敌、稻飞虱再猖獗以及对施药人员健康的影响 ,并研究菊酯类农药在作物和土壤中的残留 ,从而评价拟除虫菊酯类农药在稻田使用对环境的安全性     

7-Coumaryl permethrate and its cis- and trans-isomers as new fluorescent substrates for examining pyrethroid- cleaving enzymes

New esterase substrates were synthesized using cis-, trans- and cis-trans-permethrinic acid chloride and then used to measure pyrethroid-cleaving enzymes in insects. The new substrates, namely cis-, trans- and cis-trans-7-coumaryl permethrates (7-CP), show a structure very similar to permethrin insecticide and yield fluorescent products on hydrolysis. These substrates were hydrolyzed by a commercial porcine preparation that provided esterase-specific activity, and were stable at different pH values (5.2-7.8). Studies made with house fly, Musca domestica (L.), homogenates showed that these compounds are appropriate for determining pyrethroid hydrolysis activity on individual insects. The measured activity of house fly esterase was 870 relative fluorescence units (RFU) min(-1) with cis-7-CP as substrate, 1117 RFU min(-1) with trans-7-CP as substrate and 1423 RFU min(-1) with cis-trans-7-CP as substrate. The fluorescent substrates for pyrethroid-cleaving esterases described in this paper have advantages over methods already given in the literature. They are substrates with structures very similar to pyrethroids, the cleavage of which can be followed by an increase in fluorescence emission at 440 nm; it takes only about 5 min to measure the reaction, and moreover the high sensitivity of the fluorescence technique allows the quantification of esterase activity on individual insects.     

超声辅助-漂浮固化分散液液微萃取-气相色谱法测定茶叶中5种拟除虫菊酯类农药残留

建立了超声辅助-漂浮固化分散液液微萃取(UA-DLLME-SFO)-气相色谱法(GC)测定茶叶中甲氰菊酯、氟氯氰菊酯、氯氟氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、溴氰菊酯5种拟除虫菊酯类农药残留的方法。获得最佳试验条件为20μL十六烷(萃取剂)和800μL丙酮(分散剂),质量分数为4%的氯化钠,水相pH为4,35℃超声30 min,-3℃、10 000 r·min~(-1)离心5 min后,去除水相后经气相色谱测定。结果表明:在1~150μg·kg~(-1)范围内,5种拟除虫菊酯类农药呈良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.9994,在1~5μg·kg~(-1)添加水平下,平均回收率为92.3%~99.6%,日内相对标准偏差(RSD)均低于3.5%(n=6),日间相对标准偏差(RSD)均低于5.9%(n=3),5种农药在茶叶中的检出限为0.11~0.24μg·kg~(-1),定量限为0.36~0.81μg·kg~(-1)。该方法操作简便、快速、安全、成本低、重现性好,适用于茶叶样品中拟除虫菊酯类农药残留的分析。     

棉蚜对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的抗性机理

利用室内筛选的抗性和敏感性棉蚜品系，以及野外抗性群体，研究了对拟除虫菊酯的抗性机理。抗性程度不同的棉蚜，其抗性机理不同。中等水平抗性棉蚜，主要是由于体内解毒能力的加强，其抗性可以通过增效剂抑制解毒酶而完全克服。高水平抗性棉蚜，主要是由于体内靶标敏感性的降低，增效剂不能克服其抗性，高抗蚜体内解毒酶和体壁穿透作用与敏感性蚜没有明显差异。因此，对于不同抗性水平的害虫，要采取不同的治理对策。