苹果中9种有机氯及拟除虫菊酯类农药的多残留快速分析技术

建立了GC-ECD气相色谱法同时检测苹果中9种有机氯及拟除虫菊酯类农药的多残留快速分析方法,苹果样品中农药残留组分采用乙腈萃取,经C18Florish固相萃取小柱净化,GC-ECD程序升温进行分析测定,使前处理步骤简化,方法的加标回收率在81.3%~108.8%,RSD为0.2%~3.6%。该方法简单、快速,完全可以满足苹果中有机氯及拟除虫菊酯类农药的多残留快速分析检测要求。     

现场分散液液微萃取?气相色谱法检测水体中5种拟除虫菊酯类农药

  目的  由于森林病虫害频发,大量化学农药用于病害虫防治。而农药残留进入水体造成了水资源的污染,因此,拟建立一种新颖的实现现场处理的样品前处理方法,对环境水体中的农药进行检测。  方法  称量0.499 2 g柠檬酸、0.405 6 g磷酸二氢钠、0.218 4 g碳酸氢钠和0.180 0 g己酸钠,研磨混合均匀,使用压片机压制成泡腾片待用。将吸油棉裁卷为2 cm高度和60 mg/cm密度的圆柱体,填装入过滤柱,手动制成聚丙烯吸油棉过滤柱。将10 mL样品盛于注射器中,加入泡腾片,待完全反应后,经自制过滤柱过滤,200 μL乙腈洗脱,气相色谱-电子捕获检测器检测。最佳条件下,该方法在5 ~ 500 μg/L范围内,相关系数均大于0.999 0,具有良好的线性。按照3倍信噪比和10倍信噪比计算检出限和定量限,检测限为0.22 ~ 1.88 μg/L,定量限为0.75 ~ 6.25 μg/L。加标回收率在88.2% ~ 113.0%之间,相对标准偏差为4.5% ~ 11.8%,富集倍数在65 ~ 108之间。  结论  本研究建立了一种基于可转换亲水性溶剂的泡腾片辅助现场分散液液微萃取?气相色谱法,检测了环境水样中的5种拟除虫菊酯类农药。该方法不需要使用用电设备,能够实现样品现场预处理,减少了人力物力的消耗,具有广阔的应用前景。      

适于草坪斜纹夜蛾防治的绿色农药室内筛选

为了筛选适于草坪害虫斜纹夜蛾（Prodenia litura）防治的绿色农药,采用浸叶法测定比较了5个不同化学类别共20种绿色杀虫剂对斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫的室内活性。结果表明,7种常用农用拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的杀虫效果不及常规有机磷农药毒死蜱,而2种新型拟除虫菊酯四氟醚菊酯和四氟苯菊酯的杀虫效果相当或优于毒死蜱;苯甲酰脲类药剂虱螨脲、氟啶脲和氟铃脲,双酰肼类虫酰肼,杂环类茚虫威和虫螨腈,以及生物源类杀虫剂甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐7种药剂对斜纹夜蛾的活性高,均符合绿色无公害农药的基本要求,是值得进一步试验开发用于草坪斜纹夜蛾等夜蛾类害虫防治的候选药剂。     

Partitioning of etofenprox under simulated California rice‐growing conditions

BACKGROUND: The pyrethroid insecticide etofenprox is of current interest to rice farmers in the Sacramento Valley owing to its effectiveness against the rice water weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel. This study aimed to describe the partitioning of etofenprox under simulated rice field conditions by determining its Henry's law constant (H) (an estimate of volatilization) and organic carbon‐normalized soil–water distribution coefficient (K_oc) at representative field temperatures. A comparison of etofenprox and λ‐cyhalothrin is presented using a level‐1 fugacity model. RESULTS: Experimental determination of H revealed that etofenprox partitioned onto the apparatus walls and did not significantly volatilize; the maximum value of H was estimated to be 6.81 × 10^?1 Pa m³ mol^?1 at 25 °C, based on its air and water method detection limits. Calculated values for H ranged from 5.6 × 10^?3 Pa m³ mol^?1 at 5 °C to 2.9 × 10^?1 Pa m³ mol^?1 at 40 °C, based on estimated solubility and vapor pressure values at various temperatures. Log K_oc values (at 25 °C) were experimentally determined to be 6.0 and 6.4 for Princeton and Richvale rice field soils, respectively, and were very similar to the values for other pyrethroids. Finally, temperature appears to have little influence on etofenprox sorption, as the log K_oc for the Princeton soil at 35 °C was 6.1. CONCLUSION: High sorption coefficients and relatively insignificant desorption and volatilization of etofenprox suggest that its insolubility drives it to partition from water by sorbing to soils with high affinity. Offsite movement is unlikely unless transported in a bound state on suspended sediments. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Is Apis mellifera more sensitive to insecticides than other insects?

BACKGROUND: Honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) are among the most important pollinators in natural and agricultural settings. They commonly encounter insecticides, and the effects of insecticides on honey bees have been frequently noted. It has been suggested that honey bees may be (as a species) uniquely sensitive to insecticides, although no comparative toxicology study has been undertaken to examine this claim. An extensive literature review was conducted, using data in which adult insects were topically treated with insecticides. The goal of this review was to summarize insecticide toxicity data between A. mellifera and other insects to determine the relative sensitivity of honey bees to insecticides. RESULTS: It was found that, in general, honey bees were no more sensitive than other insect species across the 62 insecticides examined. In addition, honey bees were not more sensitive to any of the six classes of insecticides (carbamates, nicotinoids, organochlorines, organophosphates, pyrethroids and miscellaneous) examined. CONCLUSIONS: While honey bees can be sensitive to individual insecticides, they are not a highly sensitive species to insecticides overall, or even to specific classes of insecticides. However, all pesticides should be used in a way that minimizes honey bee exposure, so as to minimize possible declines in the number of bees and/or honey contamination. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Determination of knockdown resistance allele frequencies in global human head louse populations using the serial invasive signal amplification reaction

BACKGROUND: Pediculosis is the most prevalent parasitic infestation of humans. Resistance to pyrethrin‐ and pyrethroid‐based pediculicides is due to knockdown (kdr)‐type point mutations in the voltage‐sensitive sodium channel α‐subunit gene. Early detection of resistance is crucial for the selection of effective management strategies. RESULTS: Kdr allele frequencies of lice from 14 countries were determined using the serial invasive signal amplification reaction. Lice collected from Uruguay, the United Kingdom and Australia had kdr allele frequencies of 100%, while lice from Ecuador, Papua New Guinea, South Korea and Thailand had kdr allele frequencies of 0%. The remaining seven countries investigated, including seven US populations, two Argentinian populations and populations from Brazil, Denmark, Czech Republic, Egypt and Israel, displayed variable kdr allele frequencies, ranging from 11 to 97%. CONCLUSION: The newly developed and validated SISAR method is suitable for accurate monitoring of kdr allele frequencies in head lice. Proactive management is needed where kdr‐type resistance is not yet saturated. Based on sodium channel insensitivity and its occurrence in louse populations resistant to pyrethrin‐ and pyrethroid‐based pediculicides, the T917I mutation appears to be a key marker for resistance. Results from the Egyptian population, however, indicate that phenotypic resistance of lice with single or double mutations (M815I and/or L920F) should also be determined. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Inheritance of resistance to acrinathrin in Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

BACKGROUND: The western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is an economically important pest. The genetic basis of acrinathrin resistance was investigated in WFT. RESULTS: The resistant strain, selected in the laboratory for acrinathrin resistance from a pool of thrips populations collected in Almeria (south-eastern Spain), showed a high resistance to acrinathrin (43-fold based on LC(50) values) compared with the laboratory susceptible strain. Mortality data from reciprocal crosses of resistant and susceptible thrips indicated that resistance was autosomal and not influenced by maternal effects. Analysis of probit lines from the parental strains and reciprocal crosses showed that resistance was expressed as a codominant trait. To determine the number of genes involved, a direct test of monogenic inheritance based on the backcrosses suggested that resistance to acrinathrin was probably controlled by one locus. Another approach, which was based on phenotypic variances, showed n(E), or the minimum number of freely segregating genetic factors for the resistant strain, to be 0.79. CONCLUSION: The results showed that acrinathrin resistance in WFT was autosomal and not influenced by maternal effects, and was expressed as a codominant trait, probably controlled by one locus.     

4种菊酯类杀虫剂对亚洲小车蝗的毒力和对ATPase活性的抑制

化学防治是草原蝗虫防治的主要应急措施,亚洲小车蝗是内蒙古草原的优势种。采用点滴法测定了4种菊酯类杀虫剂联苯菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯和甲氰菊酯对亚洲小车蝗3龄蝗蝻的毒力。结果表明,联苯菊酯对亚洲小车蝗3龄蝗蝻的毒力最强,LD50值为0.004 8 μg/头,高效氯氟氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯和甲氰菊酯的LD50值分别为：0.022 7、0.012 2和0.005 1 μg/头。同时明确了4种菊酯类杀虫剂对亚洲小车蝗3龄蝗蝻离体ATPase活性都有一定程度的抑制作用。当药剂浓度为1×10-4mol/L时,高效氯氟氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、联苯菊酯和甲氰菊酯对Na+-K+-ATPase的抑制分别为：57.62%、55.34%、45.70%和20.94%,对Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase的抑制分别为：58.30%、58.05%、41.80%和19.35%。在浓度范围为1×10-4~1×10-8 mol/L,4种杀虫剂对亚洲小车蝗ATPase活性的抑制存在明显的剂量效应关系。