坝上农牧交错区一年生饲草与主要农作物水分利用效率比较研究

为探究河北坝上地区饲草与作物对水资源的利用程度,本研究在河北省察北管理区种植3种一年生饲草(燕麦Avena sativa L.、箭筈豌豆Vicia sativa L.、玉米Zea mays L.)和4种主要农作物(莜麦Avena chinensis Metzg.、小麦Triticum aestivum L.、胡麻Linum usitatissimum L.、马铃薯Solanum tuberosum L.),通过种植试验比较一年生饲草和农作物水资源利用效率的差异,得出以下结论：一年生饲草产量高于农作物,其平均水分利用率(52.93%)比农作物水分利用率(36.33%)高出16.60%,玉米产量(63.92 t·hm^-2)最高,水分利用率最高(141.80%),马铃薯(19.53%)水分利用率最低;一年生饲草水分利用率由植株磷含量、植株钾含量、温度、细胞间CO₂浓度、鲜干比共同解释;农作物水分利用率由茎叶比、植物氮含量和细胞间CO₂浓度共同解释。     

不同施氮水平对南方早稻氮素吸收利用及其产量和品质的影响

 在大田不同施氮条件下,研究了3个水稻品种的氮素吸收利用效率及其对产量和品质的影响。结果表明,施氮量增加,水稻氮素积累总量增加,而氮素的生产效率和收获指数下降。相同施氮量条件下提高穗肥比率,氮素积累量及其回收效率和运转效率增加,而氮素生产效率下降。不同施氮条件下水稻氮素吸收利用效率的变化对产量和品质性状产生重要影响,稻米蛋白质含量随氮素积累量增加而显著增加,随氮素生产效率提高而极显著下降;垩白米率及面积随氮素收获指数增加而显著提高。穗数随氮素积累量增加而显著增加,随氮素收获指数和氮素生产效率增加而显著下降;结     

太阳能饲草干燥设备中空气集热器改进设计

在太阳能饲草干燥设备改进过程中,为提高设备生产率,从太阳能饲草干燥设备的关键部件入手,研究空气集热器的结构和工作原理,进而对空气集热器进行改进,提高空气集热器的集热效率.进行了设备改进的性能对比试验,得出装有蜂窝结构空气集热器的太阳能饲草干燥设备,生产率提高约20％,改进后的空气集热器集热效率提高约50％.     

解钾菌解钾效率检测方法的比较

以中慢生根瘤菌S-15和类芽胞杆菌S-17作为供试菌株,采用细胞破碎、NH4OAc浸提、H2O2溶液消煮及不作任何前处理等4种方法,利用火焰光度计检测解钾菌发酵液中K+含量,并计算解钾菌在培养基中的解钾效率。结果表明,配制的3种钾系列标准溶液所绘制的钾标准曲线较为接近,R2分别高达0.994 4、0.9997、0.999 8。采用H2O2消煮后所测得的K+浓度最高,2株解钾菌的解钾效率分别达到101.1%、125.1%,与其他处理组之间有显著性差异。用H2O2溶液处理所得到的解钾率更能真实反映解钾菌的解钾作用。     

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为筛选出高钾营养吸收利用的花生种质,以花生野生种A.correntina与栽培种桂花22为研究材料,通过测定其功能叶片的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、单株含钾量、钾素利用效率及干物质产量等相关指标,分析不同施钾量对花生光合特性及干物质累积的影响,研究不同花生品种钾吸收利用效率的差异机制.结果表明,施钾能显著提高桂花22的光合速率、叶绿素含量和干物质产量;施钾量对花生野生种A.correntina的光合特性及干物质积累影响小,施钾处理间的叶片叶绿素含量在各时期差异小,在栽培后96 d、120 d叶绿素含量和净光合速率下降幅度小,保持较高含量.花生野生种A.correntina的单株含钾量和钾素利用效率在不同施钾处理间变幅低于桂花22.     

新型稀有元素微肥研制配方的肥效试验

对洛阳市农科所新技术开发公司研制的4个不同配方的新型稀有元素微肥在莲豆上进行了肥效试验，结果表明：Ⅱ^#配方的微肥产品，对莲豆的营养生长和生殖生长均有十分显著的促进作用，不但可以促进莲豆的生长发育，而且可以大幅度地提高莲豆的英果产量，是施用于英果类蔬菜作物营养平衡、肥效较好的最佳配方；Ⅱ^#微肥还可能更广泛地适用于以营养体为收获对象的茎叶类蔬菜作物，在高效多功能生态农业微肥新产品的研制开发方面具有较高的利用价值和广阔的应用前景。     

寒地水稻用水模型的研究

寒地水稻需水量模型的研究很少,研究节水灌溉条件下的寒地水稻用水模型的工作便十分具有实际意义,水稻用水模型的研究是合理开发利用水资源及现代化灌溉管理的技术基础,也是探求水稻节本增效的具体途径。     

Investigation of the Effect of Mesh Size on the Effectiveness of Hotplate Aqua Regia Extractions

Aqua regia extractions with subsequent inductively coupled plasma determinations are a very common method of elemental analysis of soils and sediments. Before extraction, the material must be dried and sieved. Small variations in this early step can have a significant impact on the later outcomes, especially for unassisted (for example, without ultrasonic or microwave) extraction procedures. Therefore the impact of mesh size on the sieving process was investigated. A mesh size of 2.0 mm or greater yielded unacceptably high variations between the subsamples and a very poor recovery rate when compared to a 0.063-mm sieve. A mesh size of 0.3 mm resulted in the best outcomes, losing nearly no material in the fine sediment samples and about a tenth in the coarse samples. The precision was high for the 0.3-mm samples as well, only negligibly surpassed by the 0.1-mm samples for some materials.     

Response of Maize and Cowpea Grown Sequentially to Application of Phosphate Rock in the Humid Tropics

Field trials were conducted at the Institute of Agricultural Research and Training Ibadan in 2000 and 2001 cropping seasons to evaluate the efficiency of some phosphorus (P) sources, rates, and frequency of application on grain yields of maize and cowpea grown sequentially. The experiment was laid out in a split–split plot arrangement using randomized complete block design, with three replications. The main plot was frequency of fertilizer application (seasonal and annual). Source of P [single superphosphate (SSP: 18% P₂O₅)]; Ogun rock phosphate (OPR: 20.21% P₂O₅), and crystallizer super (CS: 31.4% P₂O₅) constituted the subplots. The P rates (0, 20, 40, and 60 kg P ha^?1) were the sub-subplots. An early maize cropping followed by a late-season cowpea was the sequential cropping, while an early maize followed by a late-season maize was the continuous cropping. The croppings were repeated the second year. Frequency of P application and source of P were significantly different while rates of application were not. Maize and cowpea grain yields from the control treatment were significantly less than yields from P-treated plots. Maize grain yields were slightly greater in plots alternated with cowpea, compared to continuous maize. Relative agronomic efficiency (RAE) values of OPR and CS were 67% and 75%, respectively, in annual application and 140% and 134% in seasonal applications, respectively, in 2000. In 2001, the trend was almost similar to 2000 except that there was a decline in RAE values of cowpea. Each Naira invested in the annual application returned about ?3.12 while about ?2.13 was returned with the seasonal application (?125.00 is the equivalent of USD$1.00). The OPR and CS can serve as alternatives to water-soluble sources such as SSP.     

农户采用直播对水稻生产效率的影响

为探究人工直播技术在中国南方大量采用带来的效果,基于中国南方4省420个农户574个水稻生产周期的投入产出数据,从劳动生产率、土地生产率和技术效率3个角度,多维度考察直播技术对水稻生产效率的影响。结果表明：1)直播技术采用显著提高水稻劳动生产率;2)直播技术采用对水稻土地生产率的影响不显著;3)直播技术采用降低水稻技术效率,但是在区分农户种植规模情况下,随着水稻种植规模的增加并达到一定的临界值,该影响变得不显著。因此,水稻直播技术采用是劳动力成本的不断上升背景下的重要应对策略,该技术变化是中国诱致性技术变迁理论的重要体现。另外,种植规模小的农户为了节约劳动力,可以承担一定程度的产量损失,表明水稻生产方式已经从集约式完全转变为粗放经营的生产方式。为发挥人工直播技术对水稻生产效率的正向影响,应挖掘该技术的优势和潜力,着重完善其配套设施和条件,如平整土地和土地互换,并进一步推动直播技术在达到一定水稻种植规模的农户中推广。