中国谷子科研单位育种创新效率评价与分析

种业是农业的“芯片”,近几年种业振兴行动均被写入中央一号文件,谷子种业与其他大作物种业不同,主要还是依靠科研单位的育种创新,因此谷子科研单位的育种创新效率对种业及产业发展具有重要意义。选择DEA模型,采用全国主要从事谷子育种创新的科研单调研数据,以投入产出角度为切入点,探讨中国谷子科研单位的育种创新效率,并进行测度。结果显示：中国科研单位的谷子育种创新效率平均为0.493,整体效率处于较低水平;育种创新产出存在不足,仍然具有较大增长潜力,少数单位存在投入浪费现象;23个科研单位中有12个单位的育种创新处于规模报酬递减阶段,科研单位育种创新研究水平低和主观能动性不足。最后提出几点建议：对单位内部科研人员、经费进行调整优化、多与其他作物高效育种创新单位进行学术交流。     

农艺措施对谷子产量及抗倒伏力学性能的影响

【目的】明晰栽培条件互作对谷子叶片光合特性、茎秆生物力学性质指标的耦合影响,为运用谷子茎秆生物力学性质进行抗倒伏特性评价,为优化谷子种植栽培条件及抗倒伏优种筛选提供合理农艺措施和理论支持。【方法】采用裂区试验设计方法,主区选取4个在生产中具有代表性的谷子品种,副区为基于不同的播种密度与施肥量、播种密度与水分、水分与施肥量互作处理栽培条件,系统研究了栽培措施对谷子生长发育以及茎秆抗倒伏生物力学性质的影响。【结果】（1）除水分对谷子茎秆节平均直径影响不显著外,谷子品种、施肥量、播种密度及水分4个因素对谷子的产量、光合生理特性及茎秆形态特性均有极显著影响（P＜0.001）;（2）谷子的千粒重、产量均随施肥量和水分的增加而增加;随播种密度的增加,千粒重呈下降趋势,产量呈现先上升后下降趋势;谷子旗叶SPAD值及最大荧光值（Fm）开花期显著高于灌浆期,开花期旗叶SPAD值、灌浆期旗叶Fm可作为谷子育种的目标性状;（3）播种密度对谷子田间倒伏率的影响最大,其次是水分、品种,施肥量的影响最小;（4）谷子茎秆倒数第二节的抗拉倒力与株高、节平均长度及茎秆节含水率显著负相关,与节平均直径显著正相关。【结论】不同农艺措施互作栽培条件下,单因子对谷子的产量、植株光合生理特性及茎秆力学性能影响最大;选择优良品种、合理密植（≤70万株/hm²）、适当水肥是提升谷子籽粒品质、增加产量、减少田间倒伏率的有效措施。     

Thresholds,sensitive stages and genetic variability of finger millet to high temperature stress

Finger millet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.] is an important coarse cereal crop grown in the arid and semi‐arid regions and often experiences high temperature (HT) stress. The objectives of this research were (i) to quantify effects of season‐long HT stress on physiological and yield traits, (ii) to identify the developmental stages most sensitive to HT stress and (iii) to quantify the genetic variability for HT stress tolerance in finger millet. Research was conducted in controlled environment conditions. HT stress decreased the chlorophyll index, photosystem II activity, grain yield and harvest index. Maximum decrease in number of seeds per panicle and grain yield per plant was observed when stress was imposed during booting, panicle emergence or flowering stages. Maximum genotypic variation was explained by panicle width and number of seeds per panicle at optimum temperature (OT) and grain yield per plant at HT and number of seeds at HT. Based on the stress response and grain yield, tolerant or susceptible genotypes were identified. Finger millet is sensitive to HT stress during reproductive stages, and there was genotypic variability among the finger millet genotypes for number of seeds per panicle and grain yield under HT, which can be exploited to enhance stress tolerance.     

全株玉米青贮、谷草和羊草组合全混合日粮饲喂干奶前期奶牛对其围产期生产性能和血液生化及免疫指标的影响

在研究不同比例全株玉米青贮、谷草和羊草组合日粮饲喂干奶前期奶牛对其围产期生产性能和血液生化及免疫指标的影响。选择健康、体况一致的干奶前期荷斯坦奶牛45头,根据体重、胎次及预产期接近(P>0.05)的原则将奶牛随机分为试验A、B和C组,每组15头。分别以精料、全株玉米青贮、谷草和羊草16∶24∶30∶30(A组)、16∶24∶45∶15(B组)和16∶24∶60∶0(C组)比例配合日粮饲喂。产前2周将3组试验牛转入围产牛群,3个试验组开始饲喂场内同一围产前期和新产牛日粮。试验期88 d。结果表明:1)与C组相比,B组在产后1、2和3周的干物质采食量分别提高10.46%(P<0.05)、7.79%(P<0.05)和5.65%(P<0.05)。除产后1周外,产后2、3周B组的奶牛体况评分分别比C组高6.60%(P<0.05)和9.06%(P<0.05)。2)各试验组的犊牛初生重差异不显著(P>0.05)。试验A、B组初乳免疫球蛋白G(IgG)含量分别比C组提高10.82%(P<0.01)和18.07%(P<0.01)。3)与C组相比,B组产后21 d产奶量提高9.00%(P<0.05),乳非脂固形物率提高2.83%(P<0.05),乳蛋白率提高10.59%(P<0.05),乳糖率提高5.64%(P<0.05)。各试验组间乳脂率和尿素氮无显著差异(P>0.05)。4)分娩当天和产后21 d,B组的血清甘油三酯含量显著低于A和C组(P<0.05),B组的血糖含量显著高于A和C组(P<0.05), B组的血清尿素氮和胰岛素显著低于C组(P<0.05),B组的胰岛素样生长因子I(IGF-I)和总蛋白显著高于C组(P<0.05);在产前7 d和分娩当天,B组的血清免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白B(IgM)和IgG显著高于C组(P<0.05);在产后21 d,B组的血清IgM和IgG含量显著高于C组(P<0.05);产前7 d和分娩当天,B组瘦素显著高于C组,而B组的血清非酯化脂肪酸(NEFA)含量显著低于C组(P<0.05);在产前7 d、分娩当天和产后21 d,B组的胆固醇均显著低于C组(P<0.05),B组的血清白蛋白含量显著高于C组,B组谷草转氨酶(AST)和谷丙转氨酶(ALT)也显著低于C组(P<0.05)。各试验组间β-羟丁酸无显著差异(P>0.05)。综合分析,干奶前期饲粮组成和养分水平可影响围产期奶牛的机体代谢和生产性能。在本试验条件下,干奶前期奶牛日粮中精料、全株玉米青贮、谷草和羊草的适宜比例为16∶24∶45∶15。     

Analysis for dry and wet years with the WIMISA model of tree-crop competition for windbreak systems in the Sahel

A modelling approach was chosen for analyzing the effects of competition between windbreaks and crops for soil water and radiation in the Sahel. The model has a high spatial and temporal resolution to account for the heterogeneity in a windbreak-cropping system. The model was parameterised for millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.), the tree species Bauhinia rufescens Lam. and soil characteristics and weather data of Sadoré, Niger. Simulations were run for two wet years (1992 and 1993) and for a dry cropping season (1989). Simulations showed a strong yield reduction up to 2 m from the windbreak due to shading and/or water competition. For Sahelian sites with no access to groundwater, competition for water between trees and crops is likely to occur in the beginning of the rainy season. Water competition was surprisingly highest in the wet year 1992, intermediate in the dry year 1987 and lowest in the wet year 1993. Simulation results indicate that light and water competition depends on rainfall distribution and the period between the seasonal onset of tree and crop growth. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

赤霉素反应敏感型和不敏感型谷子矮秆突变体的鉴定

采用赤霉素点滴法（苗期）浸渍法（芽期）以及喷洒法（拔节期）对３种谷子矮杆突变体的赤霉素反应敏感性进行了研究,结果表明矮宁黄和６２３Ｃ属赤霉素反应敏感型,它们苗期的叶片和叶鞘及拔节期的节间均可随外加赤霉素而显著伸长,达到正常株（苗）高,ＣＨ８４１１３则属于赤霉素反应不敏感型,多种赤霉素（ＧＡ１,ＧＡ３,ＧＡ７,ＧＡ９）处理均不能其株（苗）高恢复正常,用ＥＬＩＳＡＣ地３各矮秆突变体和正常品种伸长敏感期     

半干旱区谷子丛植地膜覆盖的增产效应及产量构成因子分析

在定西县石泉乡进行的谷子丛植覆膜种植试验的结果表明：覆膜栽培的谷子其单位面积产量较平均水平（１１６８ｋｇ／ｈｍ２）提高４．３５倍。在试验设计范围内,谷子每播种穴产量随每穴株数的增加而线性增加,其回归方程为Ｙ＝１７．８９ｘ＋２７．２９。对谷子产量构成诸因素的分析显示出,当每穴株数大于４时,每穴产量的增加将渐趋平缓。