酪酸梭菌的作用机理及其在动物生产中的应用

本文综述了酪酸梭菌的作用机理及其在动物生产中的应用。     

In Vitro Production of Equine Embryos

The development of methods to produce embryos in vitro in the horse has been delayed compared with other domestic species. Oocytes can be collected from excised ovaries or from the small or preovulatory follicles of live mares. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection is the only reliable method to fertilize equine oocytes in vitro. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection-produced embryos can be transferred into the oviducts of recipient mares or cultured to the morula or blastocyst stage of development for nonsurgical embryo transfers into recipients' uteri. Embryos cultured in vitro have some morphological differences compared with embryos collected from the mares' uteri. Most notably, the embryonic capsule does not form in culture, and the zona pellucida fails to expand completely. However, embryo produced in vitro can result in viable pregnancies and healthy offspring.     

DNA指纹技术对近交系小鼠生产扩大群的遗传检测

采用生物素标记的（GGAT）4寡核苷酸探针对C57BL／6J、BALB／c和DBA／2三种近交系生产扩大群F4代小鼠进行了DNA指纹图分析。结果显示（GGAT）4寡核苷酸探针对上述三种近交系小鼠产生的DNA指纹图的图带数均为10-12条,具有良好的多态性,品系内平均DNA指纹图的相似系教（X）在0．88—0．95的范围内,具有相同指纹图的概率（P）均在0．35以上,极显著地高于品系间的相似系数（0．18—0．31）和相同指纹图的概率（P〈8．4×10^-7）。研究结果表明（GGAT）。寡核苷酸探针可用于制作近交系小鼠生产扩大群的DNA指纹图,以对其进行遗传检测。     

TRANSFORMATION OF AGRICULTURE ON THE LOESS PLATEAU OF CHINA TOWARD GREEN DEVELOPMENT

● Agriculture on Loess Plateau has transformed from food shortage to green development. ● Terracing and check-dams are the key engineering measures to increase crop yields. ● Agronomic measures and policy support greatly increased crop production. ● Increasing non-agricultural income is a key part of increasing farmers’ income. ● Grain for Green Program had an overwhelming advantage in protecting environment. Loess Plateau of China is a typical dryland agricultural area. Agriculture there has transformed from food shortage toward green development over the past seven decades, and has achieved world-renowned achievements. During 1950–1980, the population increased from 42 to 77 million, increasing grain production to meet food demand of rapid population growth was the greatest challenge. Engineering measures such as terracing and check-dam were the crucial strategies to increase crop production. From 1981 to 2000, most of agronomic measures played a key role in increasing crops yield, and a series of policy support has benefited millions of smallholders. As expected, these measures and policies greatly increased crop production and basically achieved food security; but, low per capita GDP (only about 620 USD in 2000) was still a big challenge. During 2001–2015, the increase in agricultural and non-agricultural income together supported the increase in farmer income to 5781 USD·yr^–1. Intensive agriculture that relies heavily on chemicals increased crop productivity by 56%. Steadfast policy support such as “Grain for Green Program” had an overwhelming advantage in protecting the natural ecological environment. In the new era, the integration of science and technology innovations, policy support and positive societal factors will be the golden key to further improve food production, protect environment, and increase smallholder income.     

黄河首曲湿地功能区草地畜牧业经营现状及发展对策

通过对黄河首曲湿地功能区--玛曲县的天然草场类型和分布特点、利用方式、生产经营现状的分析.阐述了制约当地草地畜牧业可持续发展和生产经营方式改善的主要原因,从优化畜群结构、发展季节畜牧业、家庭牧场统分经营、畜牧业产业化发展等方面提出了今后黄河首曲湿地功能区草地畜牧业发展的新思路和可持续发展对策.     

酵母菌培养物对蛋鸡生产性能及蛋品质的影响

270只19周龄的ISABrow母鸡随机分3组处理,每个处理5个重复,研究酵母培养物对产蛋鸡产蛋性能和蛋品质的影响。试验为期16周。酵母培养物在试验中的添加水平分别为0%、0.1%、0.2%。试验中采用的玉米-豆粕型基础日粮中粗蛋白质为16.0%,能量为2800kcal/kg。试验结果表明,饲喂添加0.1%酵母培养物组产蛋鸡的生产性能和每日产蛋量显著提高(P<0.05);各处理组之间的蛋重、饲料摄入和饲料转化率无显著差别;试验组与对照组的蛋壳质量、哈氏单位、蛋黄颜色和蛋黄中脂肪酸含量也无显著差别。     

添加不同比例的亚油酸和亚麻酸对体外瘤胃发酵和甲烷生成的影响

利用人工瘤胃体外产气法研究添加亚油酸与亚麻酸不同比例混合物对瘤胃发酵和甲烷生成的影响。试验共设8个处理,亚油酸与亚麻酸的比例为0∶0、10∶0、8∶2、6∶4、5∶5、4∶6、2∶8和0∶10 ,每个处理设3个重复。亚油酸与亚麻酸混合物的添加水平为发酵底物干物质的5 %,未添加脂肪酸组为对照。结果表明,所有组合均显著降低产气量和甲烷生成量(P<0 .05) ,且随着亚麻酸比例的升高效果增强。亚麻酸比例超过40 %时显著升高发酵液的pH(P<0 .05) ,所有处理对氨态氮和微生物蛋白均未产生影响;总挥发性脂肪酸随着亚麻酸比例的提高而升高,亚麻酸单独添加显著高于亚油酸单独添加(P<0 .05)。随着亚麻酸比例的升高,丙酸比例显著提高。由本研究结果可知,不饱和脂肪酸降低甲烷的生成与不饱和度密切相关。     

中兽药在畜牧业生产中的应用概况

中兽药以其绿色天然、安全无污染、且兼有营养和药用双重作用而深受人们青睐。为在畜牧业中安全有效地使用中兽药,以达到既能降低畜禽饲养成本、提高畜禽养殖的经济效益和畜禽产品安全性又能降低养殖业对环境的污染以维持畜牧业可持续发展的目的。论文在论述中兽药具有毒性低、无残留、无毒副作用和不产生抗药性等作用特点的基础上,着重就中兽药在畜牧生产中,包括在预防和治疗畜禽疾病方面、在畜禽免疫调节和抗应激方面、在提高畜禽的生产性能方面、在改善畜产品品质等方面的应用及中兽药制剂的开发前景等进行了较为详尽地综述。     

亚麻籽在动物生产中的应用现状

随着亚麻籽在食品工业和动物体内的广泛应用,人们对亚麻籽的研究已经成为热点。本文对亚麻籽营养成分、饲用方式及目前在动物生产中的应用现状进行综述,为未来我国进行此方面的研究提供理论基础。     

Influence of amount and frequency of protein supplementation to ruminants consuming low-quality cool-season forages: efficiency of nitrogen utilization in lambs and performance of gestating beef cows

We evaluated the influence of amount and crude protein (CP) supplementation frequency (SF) on nitrogen (N) use by wethers and the performance of late-gestation beef cows. In exp. 1, seven Western whiteface wethers (31.8 ± 1.4 kg) were used in an incomplete 7 × 4 Latin square to evaluate intake and N use. Wethers received one of the seven treatments in a 2 × 3 factorial design containing two levels of supplemental soybean meal offered at a rate of 100% (F) or 50% (H; 50% of F) of the estimated CP requirement daily, once every 5, or once every 10 d, plus a non-supplemented control (CON). Low-quality cool-season forage (4.9 % CP; dry matter [DM] basis) was provided daily for ad libitum intake. Experimental periods lasted 30 d. In exp. 2, 84 Angus × Hereford cows (560 ± 35 kg) were stratified by age, body condition score (BCS), and expected calving date and allocated to 1 of the 21 feedlot pens (three pens per treatment). Pens were randomly assigned to receive the same treatments as in exp. 1 and cows had free access to low-quality cool-season forage (2.9% CP; DM basis). Cow body weight (BW) and BCS were measured every 14 d until calving and within 24 h after calving. In exp. 1, supplementation did not alter total DM and organic matter (OM) intake (P ≥ 0.26), but both parameters linearly decreased as SF decreased (P = 0.02). Supplementation increased DM, OM, and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility (P ≤ 0.02). Additionally, F feeding linearly increased DM, OM, and NDF digestibility as SF decreased (P ≤ 0.04). Digestibility of N, N balance, and digested N retained were greater with supplementation (P < 0.01), and N digestibility linearly increased as SF decreased (P = 0.01). Mean plasma urea-N concentration was not only greater (P < 0.01) for supplemented vs. CON wethers but also greater (P = 0.03) for F vs. H. In exp. 2, pre-calving BCS change was greater (P = 0.03) for supplemented cows. A linear effect of SF × supplementation rate for pre-calving BCS change was noted (P = 0.05), as F-supplemented cows lost more BCS compared with H as SF decreased. When considering supplementation intervals greater than 5 d, reducing the quantity of supplement provided, compared with daily supplementation, may be a feasible management strategy to maintain acceptable nutrient use and animal performance while reducing supplement and labor costs.