Evaluation of smallholder pig production systems in North Vietnam: Pig production management and pig performances

This study investigated the productive adaptability of pig breeds under different smallholder production conditions in Vietnam, comparing an indigenous with a Vietnamese improved breed. Fieldwork was conducted in four villages with different remoteness in North Vietnam from 2001 to 2002, in 64 households keeping the improved Mong Cai or indigenous Ban as sow breeds and progeny for fattening. Four visits per farm yielded 234 structured interviews. Reproductive performances were derived from 135 litters. Individual weights of pigs (n = 755) were obtained. Data were analysed by regression, linear and generalised linear, especially loglinear models.

Two distinct pig production systems were identified, that differed in remoteness, market access, resource availability, distribution of pig breeds and pig production intensity. Higher performances of 1.4 and 1.5 litters year^− 1, 8.4 and 8.4 piglets weaned litter^− 1, 66.6 and 93.0 kg piglets weaned sow^− 1 year^− 1, and 136 and 177 g day^− 1 ADG were found in two villages near town with semi-intensive production conditions and a high rate of improved Mong Cai sows and MC and LW × MC offspring in the observed population. Lower performances of 1.1 and 1.1 litters year^− 1, 4.6 and 5.5 piglets weaned litter^− 1, 20.5 and 30.9 kg piglets weaned sow^− 1 year^− 1, and 66 and 85 g day^− 1 ADG were observed in parallel to higher incidences of indigenous Ban pigs away from town under extensive conditions. Total live weight offtake per household per year was higher near town and in one village distant to town. MC and LW × MC remained even under demand-driven conditions below the performance potential reported for improved genotypes. Under resource-driven conditions with a saving-oriented production pattern, the higher-yielding but more demanding Mong Cai might not be an efficient production alternative as a further performance reduction can be assumed. A considerable live weight output was observed under resource-driven conditions and with a higher percentage of crossbred LW × Ban offspring in the population, possibly representing a promising production alternative. Factors influencing the performance expression of pigs, and the suitability of different methods for the assessment of performance parameters on-farm are discussed.     

不同播种方式对岷山红三叶草产量的影响

通过在海拔2 450 m的岷县南部高寒阴湿地区进行岷山红三叶Trifolium pratense cv.Minshan干草丰产栽培试验,得到以下结论：条播为岷山红三叶进行干草生产的最佳播种方式,行距以20 cm最为理想,该行距下生长速度快,而且产草量最高。播种当年A组（行距20 cm）鲜草产量比对照组(撒播)高出4 987.5 kg/hm2,是对照组的1.27倍,差异极显著（P＜0.01）;A组鲜草产量比B组（行距40 cm）高101 kg/hm2,差异显著（P<0.05）。生长第2年,A组鲜草产量均高于对照组和B组,是对照组的1.16倍,差异极显著（P＜0.01）,是B组的1.02倍,差异显著（P＜0.05）。不同播种方式对岷山红三叶鲜干比无影响。     

Sericin Accelerates the Production of Hyaluronan and Decreases the Incidence of Polyspermy Fertilization in Bovine Oocytes During In Vitro Maturation

Fetal bovine serum (FBS) has been widely used as a supplement in the maturation medium of bovine oocytes in vitro. However, serum contains many undefined factors and is potentially infectious to humans and animals. As a serum replacement, we evaluated the feasibility of using the silk protein, sericin, derived from the cocoons of silkworm. To examine the rates of oocyte maturation and fertilization, cumulus-oocyte complexes were cultured in TCM-199 supplemented with 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1% or 0.15% sericin or 5% FBS. The sizes of the perivitelline space that might relate to polyspermy, the expressions of Has2 and CD44 mRNA, the amount of hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid: HA) contained in the oocytes and the rates of blastocyst formation following insemination were then compared between the oocytes cultured with 0.05% sericin and 5% FBS, because the polyspermy rates in oocytes cultured with 0.05% sericin were significantly lower than in those cultured with 5% FBS. After in vitro maturation (IVM), the mean size of the perivitelline space was significantly greater in oocytes cultured with sericin than in those cultured with FBS, although the rates of nuclear maturation, fertilization and blastocyst formation of oocytes under both IVM conditions were not significantly different. The expression of HAS2 and CD44 mRNA and the amount of HA in the denuded oocytes cultured with 0.05% sericin were significantly greater than in those cultured with FBS. These results indicate the feasibility of sericin as an alternative protein supplement for IVM in bovine oocytes.     

Modelling of a recording scheme for market-oriented smallholder pig producers in Northwest Vietnam

Village breeding programmes are being developed by an integrated long-term project for smallholders in Northwest Vietnam to improve pig production in different production systems. In total, 120 smallholders with 169 sows in 5 of the 9 project villages were approached in single person interviews, using a structured questionnaire. Frequency analysis of data on breeding management and ranking of smallholders' trait preferences and selection criteria used for pigs were performed with SAS 9.1, using the FREQ procedure. Survey results indicate that both improved local breeds and exotic genotypes should be incorporated in future village breeding programmes for market-oriented smallholder pig production, improving the reproductive and growth performance as well as the carcass quality. In a next step, a model reflecting the status quo at farms with market-oriented pig production was developed integrating data from farmers' survey and information from the project's current recording scheme. A deterministic approach was used to assess the profitability and genetic merit of the current recording scheme. Modelling results show that the current recording scheme is unprofitable (− 33.90 € sow^− 1). As continued success of village breeding programmes depends on the profitability of breeding measures, the long-term sustainability of the current recording scheme seems unlikely. Genetic gains are achieved in production and carcass quality traits, while a small reduction in reproduction traits can be observed. In a last step, possible effects of increased pig performances on the profitability and genetic merit of the current recording scheme were evaluated. Effects of increased pig performances on the genetic and economic success of the recording scheme are generally limited. Further model calculations are necessary for finding possibilities to improve smallholder pig breeding in a profitable way.     

添加三聚氰胺对高粗料日粮短期人工瘤胃发酵理化指标的影响

为研究三聚氰胺对瘤胃微生物发酵的影响,试验采集西门塔尔×鲁西黄牛瘤胃液,以高比例粗饲料为底物,采用短期人工瘤胃发酵产气装置,分析评价了不同剂量三聚氰胺(0、6、18、54、162、486 mg/kg)对氨态氮、氨基酸态氮、干物质产气量、挥发性脂肪酸、气体组分的影响。结果表明:三聚氰胺可减少高粗料日粮瘤胃发酵总挥发性脂肪酸的产生,并且有提高乙酸与丙酸比值的趋势(P>0.05)。高浓度的三聚氰胺(486 mg/kg)能显著提高氨态氮的浓度(P<0.05)。三聚氰胺的添加对干物质产气量影响不大,但可使甲烷产量提高8.0%～41.7%。综上所述,以高粗饲料日粮为发酵底物时,三聚氰胺添加对瘤胃的发酵并没有产生显著不利影响,但可提高甲烷产生量,从而降低饲料能量的转化效率。     

镉毒性研究进展

本文综述了动物生产领域对镉的研究结果。这些内容包括 :(1)镉的化学特性 ;(2)镉在自然界的分布 ;(3)镉的生物学作用 ;(4)镉在动物体内的吸收和排泄 ;(5)镉对动物的危害 ;(6)镉与其它物质之间的关系 ;(7)镉的需要量、中毒量及饲料中镉的最大允许量。     

肉品加工中应大力推行HACCP管理系统

随着改革开放的不断深入，人们的经济水平的提高，对食品卫生质量，特别是肉品的质量要求也越来越严格，在肉品生产与加工过程中推行HACCP(Hazard Analysis Critical Control P0int)管理系统，对危害肉品安全的主要因素进行全面的分析与控制，对于提高肉品卫生质量，加速我国绿色食品的发展进程，有极其深远的意义。     

本土草种子生产技术

按照种子生产的基本流程,分析了本土草种子生产各个环节容易出现的问题,提出了本土草种子生产的基本原则和注意事项,为研究草种子生产的当前状况及未来市场发展趋势提供参考,同时对本土草种子生产、管理、经营提供相关的技术指导.     

兽药生产过程中导致产品不符合质量标准的问题分析

从质量标准的角度,论述了兽药生产企业在生产过程中,导致产品不符合质量标准的几种问题,并对这些问题进行了分析,意在引起企业的注意,减少不合格产品。     

昆虫蛋白质饲料在动物生产中的应用

昆虫是最具开发潜力的动物性蛋白质饲料资源。作者就昆虫的营养价值、昆虫蛋白质饲料在畜牧业生产上的开发应用效果进行了综述,最后提出了昆虫饲料的发展前景。