鸟兽与红松更新关系的研究评述

红松因为自身的特点要依赖鸟兽完成天然更新，鸟兽从球果中取出种子埋藏以备食物缺乏时用，分散埋藏的大量贮点中未被重新发现的种子在条件适合时萌发为幼苗，幼苗的生长继续受到鸟兽的影响，本文评述了目前的研究状况，指出不足并展望了未来的研究前景。     

Putative human and avian risk factors for avian influenza virus infections in backyard poultry in Egypt

Highly pathogenic influenza A virus subtype H5N1 causes significant poultry mortality in the six countries where it is endemic and can also infect humans. Egypt has reported the third highest number of poultry outbreaks (n = 1084) globally. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to identify putative risk factors for H5N1 infections in backyard poultry in 16 villages in Damietta, El Gharbia, Fayoum, and Menofia governorates from 2010–2012. Cloacal and tracheal swabs and serum samples from domestic (n = 1242) and wild birds (n = 807) were tested for H5N1 via RT-PCR and hemagglutination inhibition, respectively. We measured poultry rearing practices with questionnaires (n = 306 households) and contact rates among domestic and wild bird species with scan sampling. Domestic birds (chickens, ducks, and geese, n = 51) in three governorates tested positive for H5N1 by PCR or serology. A regression model identified a significant correlation between H5N1 in poultry and the practice of disposing of dead poultry and poultry feces in the garbage (F = 15.7, p < 0.0001). In addition, contact between domestic and wild birds was more frequent in villages where we detected H5N1 in backyard flocks (F = 29.5, p < 0.0001).     

鳜视觉和侧线感觉调控捕食行为的动态观察

鳜（Siniperca chuatsi）具有独特的捕食习性。为研究鳜捕食行为相关主要感觉——视觉和侧线感觉调控的捕食行为特征,利用高速摄像与感官抑制技术对鳜的独特捕食行为进行了分析,将实验鳜分为4组：G_C（对照组,视觉与侧线感觉均具备）,G_V（只有视觉）,G_L（只有侧线感觉）和G_DS（视觉、侧线感觉均不具备）4组。对各组鳜投喂饵料鱼,并利用高速摄像技术对单位时间内鳜的捕食行为进行动态观察与分析。结果表明,鳜在捕食行为中表现出5种捕食模式：直接攻击型、跟踪-弹射型、跟踪-偏移型、弹射型、偏移型,其中,直接攻击型、跟踪-弹射型、弹射型捕食模式主要由视觉控制,跟踪-偏移型、偏移型主要由侧线感觉控制。在视觉、侧线感觉均具备时优先利用视觉捕食,捕食行为趋于简化,相反,鳜仅利用侧线感觉捕食时,捕食行为变得复杂而多样;鳜在捕食时所表现出的各种捕食行为模式是其具有独特摄食习性的重要原因。上述研究为解读鳜特殊捕食行为的形成机制提供了重要资料。     

捕食线虫性真菌的分离鉴定

本文报道首次从我国内蒙古土壤中分离出一株捕食线虫性真菌,该菌株适宜在２０℃,ｐＨ６,玉米粉浓度０．４ｇ／Ｌ的玉米粉琼脂（ＣＭＡ）培养基中生长。通过对其菌丝、孢子及捕食性结构的形态学观察,鉴定其为节丛孢属的少孢节丛孢菌ＣＩＭＨＩ株（Ａｒｔｈｒｏｂｏｔｒｙｓｏｌｉｇｏｓｐｏｒａ,ｓｔｒａｉｎＣＩＭＨＩ）。     

加州新小绥螨对土耳其斯坦叶螨的捕食作用

为明确加州新小绥螨Neoseiulus californicus （McGregor）对土耳其斯坦叶螨Tetranychus turkestani （Ugarov et Nikolski）的捕食潜力,采用捕食功能反应方法,研究了加州新小绥螨对土耳其斯坦叶螨各螨态的捕食作用。加州新小绥螨对雌成螨、若螨、卵的选择性捕食系数分别为0.44、1.25和1.35。在不同温度条件下,加州新小绥螨对土耳其斯坦叶螨的功能反应均属于Holling-Ⅱ型;28 ℃时捕食能力最强,对土耳其斯坦叶螨雌成螨、若螨和卵的攻击系数分别是0.6279、0.7203和0.7554,最大日捕食量分别为10.81头、28.49头和 40.82粒。在相同温度下,加州新小绥螨雌成螨寻找效应随着猎物密度的增加而降低;在相同密度下,寻找效应随温度的升高先增加后减小,在28 ℃时寻找效应最高,为0.535。加州新小绥螨的捕食作用存在较强的种内干扰作用（m=0.520）,随着捕食者密度的增大,平均捕食量逐渐减少,捕食作用率也相应降低。研究表明加州新小绥螨对土耳其斯坦叶螨具有很好的控制潜力。     

6种大型海洋掠食性鱼类胃含物角质颚分类研究

为了研究大型海洋掠食性鱼类胃含物中角质颚的分类效果,于2017年10月,2018年3、5和11月,收集了南大西洋、中东太平洋和西印度洋海域的大型海洋掠食性鱼类的36个胃并分析其残留角质颚的形态。对采集的角质颚形态侧视图和顶视图进行种类鉴定,建立检索表,提取椭圆傅里叶描述子(EFDs)系数进行聚类分析。结果显示,通过对胃含物角质颚形态进行种类鉴定,共发现头足类2目10科17种。根据角质颚形态分类检索分析,17种头足类角质颚形态种间差异明显。枪形目(Teuthoidea)的13种头足类角质颚喙部形态分别为三角形和等腰三角形,侧壁为近似菱形,翼部发达;八腕目(Octopoda)的4种头足类角质颚有喙部发育,侧壁近似长四边形,有翼部发育。角质颚形态信息聚类分析在目级别区分效果显著。通过对胃含物角质颚形态进行分类研究,不仅可佐证胃含物头足类的识别,而且丰富了胃含物头足类的鉴定内容,也为大型海洋掠食性鱼类胃含物头足类分类鉴定体系奠定基础。     

春甘蓝田小菜蛾及主要捕食性天敌时空生态位

在田间系统调查的基础上,研究了春甘蓝田小菜蛾及主要捕食性天敌的时空生态位。结果表明,小菜蛾的时间生态位宽度较小而空间生态位宽度相对较大,说明小菜蛾种群的发生有高峰期明显和全株为害的特点。小菜蛾的时间动态、空间生态位宽度与种群密度无显著相关性,说明小菜蛾对甘蓝的为害情况比较复杂。田间调查共记录捕食性天敌13种,主要优势种依次为草间钻头蛛、七星瓢虫、血色高亮腹蛛、八斑鞘腹蛛、四点高亮腹蛛和三突花蛛。主要捕食性天敌中,七星瓢虫和三突花蛛与小菜蛾的时空二维生态位重叠度最大,其次为四点高亮腹蛛和血色高亮腹蛛,八斑鞘腹蛛和草间钻头蛛最小。这表明七星瓢虫和三突花蛛对小菜蛾有较好的跟随和潜在控制作用。     

Australian surveillance for avian influenza viruses in wild birds between July 2005 and June 2007

Objective   To identify and gain an understanding of the influenza viruses circulating in wild birds in Australia.
Design   A total of 16,303 swabs and 3782 blood samples were collected and analysed for avian influenza (AI) viruses from 16,420 wild birds in Australia between July 2005 and June 2007. Anseriformes and Charadriiformes were primarily targeted.
Procedures   Cloacal, oropharyngeal and faecal (environmental) swabs were tested using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the AI type A matrix gene. Positive samples underwent virus culture and subtyping. Serum samples were analysed using a blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for influenza A virus nucleoprotein.
Results   No highly pathogenic AI viruses were identified. However, 164 PCR tests were positive for the AI type A matrix gene, 46 of which were identified to subtype. A total of five viruses were isolated, three of which had a corresponding positive PCR and subtype identification (H3N8, H4N6, H7N6). Low pathogenic AI H5 and/or H7 was present in wild birds in New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia. Antibodies to influenza A were also detected in 15.0% of the birds sampled.
Conclusions   Although low pathogenic AI virus subtypes are currently circulating in Australia, their prevalence is low (1.0% positive PCR). Surveillance activities for AI in wild birds should be continued to provide further epidemiological information about circulating viruses and to identify any changes in subtype prevalence.     

Efficiency of Northern pike (Esox lucius) stocking in metropolitan France at large spatial and temporal scales

Stocking and electrofishing occurrence and abundance data for northern pike Esox lucius L. in >3800 km of French rivers across 7 years were compared to assess the effect of recreational fisheries stocking programmes on wild pike populations. A positive relationship was found between the additive effect of stocking and the size of the stocked pike. However, the stocking programmes implemented in France by recreational fishery managers from 2008 to 2013 increased the probability of pike occurring in the river network, without increasing abundance in well-established pike populations, because pike stocked in their early-life stages were used in most of the stocking programmes.     

A massive spoonbill stopover episode: identifying emergency sites for the conservation of migratory waterbird populations

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