浙江江山市林区食虫鸟类初步调查

本文报道了1987～1989年在江山市林区鸟类调查的初步结果。记录鸟类102种,隶属12目29科。留鸟52种,冬候鸟32种,夏候鸟18种。其中重要的食虫鸟类有46种,值得很好保护,特别是在该区繁殖的鸟类。文末记述了6种鸟巢。     

小五台山西台夏季鸟类群落结构研究

在小五台山自然保护区西台，通过路线调查法研究了该地区夏季鸟类群落的物种多样性及群落间的相似性，并对鸟类群落的物种多样性随空间的变化模式及物种生态位的关系进行了分析。结果表明，该地区不同鸟类群落物种多样性的排列顺序为：针阔混交林＞阔叶林＞针叶林＞溪涧＞灌丛＞亚高山草甸＞亚高山灌丛。鸟类的物种多样性随栖位而变化，并在不同的鸟类群落中表现出不同的模式。群落物种多样性随着生态位重叠的增大而减小。     

白马鸡的人工孵化研究

采用异亲鸟孵化与机器孵化2种繁殖方法对白马鸡种卵孵化的出雏率、种卵失重率等方面进行对比分析。结果表明,异亲鸟孵化成功率达87%以上,机器孵化的出雏率为85%;发育正常的白马鸡种卵在孵化器内正常孵化失重率变化不大,在13%左右;无发育能力的白马鸡卵在孵化器内正常孵化失重率变化较大,在11%~17%之间变动。在白马鸡人工孵化过程中种卵选择是孵化成功的先决条件。     

西藏“一江两河”流域越冬黑颈鹤种群数量及分布1）

对西藏“一江两河”流域越冬黑颈鹤（ Grus nigricollis）种群数量及分布情况进行了调查,并分析了黑颈鹤昼间活动生境和人为干扰情况。结果表明：2010年12月—2011年1月、2012年12月—2013年1月、2015年1月在“一江两河”流域越冬的黑颈鹤数量分别为6041、59496、496只。拉孜到南木林之间雅鲁藏布江中上游河谷和墨竹工卡到林周之间的拉萨河－澎波河谷一区是越冬黑颈鹤最为集中的2个区域;黑颈鹤昼间活动的主要生境是农田和水体,在这2种生境活动的黑颈鹤集群分别占集群总数（ n＝125）的80．8％和17．6％;12．0％的越冬黑颈鹤集群受到人为干扰的影响,其中69．2％的干扰来自开发建设。     

Partitioning the multi-scale effects of human activity on the occurrence of riparian forest birds

Conservationists, managers, and land planners are faced with the difficult task of balancing many issues regarding humans impacts on natural systems. Many of these potential impacts arise from local-scale and landscape-scale changes, but such changes often covary, which makes it difficult to isolate and compare independent effects arising from humans. We partition multi-scale impacts on riparian forest bird distribution in 105 patches along approximately 500 km of the Madison and Missouri Rivers, Montana, USA. To do so, we coupled environmental information from local (within-patch), patch, and landscape scales reflecting potential human impacts from grazing, invasive plant species, habitat loss and fragmentation, and human development with the distribution of 28 terrestrial breeding bird species in 2004 and 2005. Variation partitioning of the influence of different spatial scales suggested that local-scale vegetation gradients explained more unique variation in bird distribution than did information from patch and landscape scales. Partitioning potential human impacts revealed, however, that riparian habitat loss and fragmentation at the patch and landscape scales explained more unique variation than did local disturbances or landscape-scale development (i.e., building density in the surrounding landscape). When distribution was correlated with human disturbance, local-scale disturbance had more consistent impacts than other scales, with species showing consistent negative correlations with grazing but positive correlations with invasives. We conclude that while local vegetation structure best explains bird distribution, managers concerned with ongoing human influences in this system need to focus more on mitigating the effects of large-scale disturbances than on more local land use issues. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Geographical patterns based on faunal types of breeding birds and mammals in China

We collected available chorological data of birds and mammals in China and assigned faunal types. The 19 sub‐regions of the zoogeographical regions of China were used as operative geographical units. Matrices of the geographical units using the species number of each faunal type were then constructed. Based on the matrices we clustered the geographical units using a hierarchical cluster analysis The results of the faunal divisions according to the cluster analysis were illustrated in a geographic information system (GIS). When 19 geographical units were clustered into two clusters, the boundary of the two clusters corresponded to that of the Palearctic and Indomalayan (Oriental) realms in the recent division of Chinese fauna. When the geographical units were clustered into eight clusters, the sub‐region Southern Yunnan Hilly became an idiographic cluster. As a result, Southern Yunnan hilly should be regarded as a region rather than a sub‐region at the same level as Southwest region, Central China region and South China region. The differences in the distribution patterns of birds and mammals among the units in the Indomalayan (Oriental) realm were more complicated than those in Palearctic realm. A few differences of the cluster analysis results based on the faunal types were found between the bird and mammal species. These differences might result from the different ecological and geographical distribution patterns of these two animal categories.     

Wild Bonelli’s eagles (Aquila fasciata) as carrier of antimicrobial resistant Salmonella and Campylobacter in Eastern Spain

Wild birds have repeatedly been found to be involved in the dissemination of enteric bacterial pathogens in the environment. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of Salmonella and Campylobacter as well as the antimicrobial resistance in wild Bonelli’s eagles nestlings in Eastern Spain. In addition, we compared the efficiency of two sampling methods (fresh faecal samples from nest and cloacal swabs from nestlings) for detection of both bacteria. A total of 28 nests with 45 nestlings were analysed. In the nest, Salmonella occurrence was 61 ± 9.2%, while Campylobacter occurrence was 11 ± 5.8% (p < 0.05). In the nestlings, Salmonella occurrence was 36 ± 7.1%, while Campylobacter occurrence was 11 ± 4.7% (p < 0.05). Eight Salmonella serovars were identified, and the most frequently isolated were S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, S. Houston, and S. Cerro. Only one Campylobacter species was identified (C. jejuni). Regarding antimicrobial resistance, the Salmonella strains isolated were found to be most frequently resistant to ampicillin and to tigecycline; however, the sole Campylobacter strain recovered was multidrug resistant. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that wild Bonelli’s eagles nestlings are greater carriers of Salmonella than of Campylobacter. Both Salmonella and Campylobacter isolates exhibited antimicrobial resistance. In addition, faecal samples from nests were most reliable for Salmonella detection, while cloacal swab from nestlings were most reliable for Campylobacter detection.     

温度对多异瓢虫成虫捕食功能的影响

【目的】研究温度变化对多异瓢虫[Adonia variegata ( Goeze)]成虫捕食棉蚜能力的影响。【方法】在17、23、29和35℃四个处理温度下,室内测定多异瓢虫成虫在不同棉蚜密度条件下的捕食量。【结果】不同温度下多异瓢虫成虫对棉蚜的捕食功能反应属于Holling-Ⅱ型。随着温度的升高,多异瓢虫成虫对棉蚜的捕食能力逐渐增加。在相同温度条件下多异瓢虫成虫对棉蚜的寻找效应随密度的增加而减小。在35℃条件下,多异瓢虫成虫的a/Th最大,捕食能力为17℃的2倍。【结论】温度对多异瓢虫的捕食量影响显著,在一定温度范围内,随温度升高,多异瓢虫成虫的捕食量明显增加。     

乐山大佛景区春季鸟类调查

通过路线调查法对乐山大佛景区内的鸟类进行了调查,发现在春季景区中约有鸟类5目11科25种,其中优势种2种,占8%;普通种1种,占4%;稀有种22种,占88%.从调查结果看,优势种很少,而稀有种占绝大多数,且主要集中分布在3处:即龙池—景区旅馆一带的林丛,月榭—佛国天堂之间的林丛和岷江河沿岸林丛.调查结果还表明,景区的鸟类分布与植被分布和旅游开发程度密切相关.