海珠湿地繁殖季节鸟类的分布及惊飞距离分析

城市湿地鸟类栖息与人类活动关系密切。海珠国家湿地公园作为国家级生态湿地示范区,不仅是公众休闲游憩的载体,还是城市生物栖息的重要区域。在海珠湿地三处区域分别开展鸟类群落调查,并用噪声量化人类游览活动的强度,以惊飞距离来反映鸟类对人类活动的容忍度和适应性。结果发现鸟类群落的组成与栖息地的配置有关。不同生态型的鸟类对人为干扰适应性不同,以涉禽的惊飞距离最长。在游览强度大的区域鸟类容易被惊飞,但惊飞距离较短。建议通过制造隔离和视觉遮蔽、降低噪声和设置投喂点等措施来降低人为干扰对鸟类的影响。     

Response of woodpeckers to changes in forest health and harvest: Implications for conservation of avian biodiversity

Woodpeckers (family Picidae) merit specific monitoring and management efforts, both as keystone/facilitator species and as indicators of forest condition. Recent studies indicated that species richness of woodpeckers was correlated with richness of all forest birds, thus suggesting potential exists for management practices that can address needs of woodpeckers in particular and other forest birds in general. We used data from a long-term study (1995–2008) from forest sites in the interior of British Columbia to evaluate how abundances of seven woodpecker species varied with habitat variables previously identified as associated with forest bird richness. We found that tree species richness had either a neutral or positive effect on the abundance of all woodpecker species, whereas abundances of most woodpecker species tended to be lower in stands with high densities of lodgepole pine. Abundances of most woodpecker species were positively correlated with density of beetle-killed pines. Relative to control sites, higher densities of most woodpecker species were found at harvested sites where most trembling aspen and large Douglas-fir trees had been retained. Therefore, management strategies that favour a mixture of tree species, with particular attention to retention of aspen, should safeguard populations of most woodpecker species. Abundances of individual woodpecker species were weakly but positively inter-correlated before the beetle outbreak, and less so during and post-outbreak. It thus appears that no strong trade-offs exist among woodpecker species. These results, combined with previously identified positive correlations between woodpecker and forest bird richness, indicate woodpeckers can be managed as a suite for the purpose of managing avian biodiversity as a whole.     

Avian foraging and nesting use of created snags in intensively-managed forests of western Oregon,USA

Snags are critical structural features for managing biological diversity in forests of the Pacific Northwest, USA. However, commercial forests in this region often contain reduced numbers of snags compared to unmanaged forests and managers require effective methods to augment snag numbers in harvest units. Therefore, we created snags by topping live trees with a mechanical harvester and studied foraging and nesting use by cavity-nesting birds of these snags in clearcuts in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga mensezii) forests along the west slope of the Cascade Mountain Range and east slope of the Coast Range in Oregon, USA. We used a completely randomized design to assign 6 different treatments (single or scattered distribution by 3 different densities) to 31 different harvest units. We created 1111 snags from February 1997 through April 1999 and monitored them from 2–5 years after harvest (1999–2002). Fraction of created snags with nest cavities in harvest units was generally low across all treatments and years of the study, although some individual stands demonstrated increased nesting use with snag age. While the highest fractions of snags with nest cavities were found in units with low density and scattered snags, the mean fraction of snags used for nesting did not differ among treatments. Treatment type, distribution of snags (i.e., scattered or clumped), and associated interactions did not influence fraction of snags used for foraging. However, fraction of created snags used for foraging in all harvest units increased with snag age. Fraction of snags used for foraging was greatest in the low density treatments. While this technique provides managers with a relatively economical option for creating snags, mechanical harvesters cannot be used to create tall, large snags upon which several cavity-dependent species rely and provides only a partial solution to a critical forest management issue.     

厦门高崎国际机场鸟类调查及鸟撞防治的对策

厦门机场及周边活动的常见鸟类共有30科，90种，在整个锥形面内对飞机飞行构成危险的鸟类，主要是白鹭Egretta garzetta，中白鹭E.intermedia，普通鸬鹚Phalacrocorax carbo，黑翅鸢Elanus caeruleus，山斑鸠Streptopelia orientalis，家鸽等大型鸟类；根据各种鸟类习性及其栖息生境的特点分析，提出了以鸣枪，放煤气炮等方式驱赶鸟类。改变鸟类栖息生境以降低鸟类的种群数量等防止鸟撞的对策。     

桉树枝瘿姬小蜂中国本地自然天敌调查与捕食性天敌的捕食观察

文章首次报道了桉树枝瘿姬小蜂在中国的捕食性自然天敌。2009年9-12月,以华南农业大学校园窿缘桉（Eucalyptus exserta）和巨园桉（Eucalyptus grandis×E.tereticornis）DH201-2林分为材料,进行林间肉眼观察,并收集桉树枝瘿姬小蜂（Leptocybe invasaFisher＆La Salle）虫瘿羽化出的昆虫,解剖观察虫瘿中的昆虫,调查桉树枝瘿姬小蜂自然天敌。结果发现：3种桉树枝瘿姬小蜂捕食性自然天敌分别为冠猫跳蛛（Carrhotus coronatus）、斜纹猫蛛（Oxyopes sertatusL.Koch）和圆蛛（Cyrtarachnesp.）,其中冠猫跳蛛是优势种。对冠猫跳蛛捕食桉树枝瘿姬小蜂情况进行野外和室内试管观察,统计其捕食量为野外4.8头/头.h、试管内0.36头/头.h。未发现桉树枝瘿姬小蜂寄生性天敌。     

小五台山西台夏季鸟类群落结构研究

在小五台山自然保护区西台，通过路线调查法研究了该地区夏季鸟类群落的物种多样性及群落间的相似性，并对鸟类群落的物种多样性随空间的变化模式及物种生态位的关系进行了分析。结果表明，该地区不同鸟类群落物种多样性的排列顺序为：针阔混交林＞阔叶林＞针叶林＞溪涧＞灌丛＞亚高山草甸＞亚高山灌丛。鸟类的物种多样性随栖位而变化，并在不同的鸟类群落中表现出不同的模式。群落物种多样性随着生态位重叠的增大而减小。     

内蒙古图牧吉国家级自然保护区雁形目鸟类时空分布特征

文章以了解分析内蒙古图牧吉国家级自然保护区雁形目鸟类种类及分布特征并更好地保护管理的目的,于2017年4月至2018年1月份春、夏、秋、冬四个季节,采用样线和样点统计法,对保护区图牧吉泡子和三道泡子两处湖泊湿地雁形目鸟类种类和数量进行调查统计。结果显示:共观察记录到雁形目鸟类22种,隶属于1科8属。图牧吉泡子和三道泡子分别观察到19种和14种。两处湖泊湿地之间距离虽然较近,但雁形目鸟类种类有较大的区别,其中图牧吉泡子不仅种类多,而且珍稀濒危物种的分布也较集中。保护区雁形目鸟类时空分布特征与两处湖泊湿地各自食物资源、隐蔽条件和人为干扰程度有关外也与鸟类本身的迁徙规律和种间竞争有着密切关系。     

Effects of management regime on the abundance and nest survival of shrubland birds in wildlife openings in northern New England, USA

Many shrubland bird species are declining in eastern North America and as a result forest managers have used a variety of techniques to provide breeding habitat for these species. The maintenance of permanent “wildlife openings” using prescribed burns or mechanical treatments is a widely used approach for providing habitat for these species, but there have been no studies of the effects of treatment regime on bird abundance and nest survival in managed wildlife openings. We studied shrubland birds in wildlife openings on the White Mountain National Forest (WMNF) in New Hampshire and Maine, USA, during 2003 and 2004. We analyzed bird abundance and nest survival in relation to treatment type (burned versus mowed), treatment frequency, time since treatment, and patch area. We found that wildlife openings provided habitat for shrubland birds that are not present in mature forest. There was relatively modest support for models of focal bird species abundance as a function of treatment regime variables, despite pronounced effects of treatment on habitat conditions. This probably was attributable to the combined effects of complex site histories and bird site fidelity. Overall nest success (52%) was comparable to other types of early-successional habitats in the region, but there were few supported relationships between nest survival and treatment variables. We conclude that wildlife openings provide quality habitat for shrubland birds of high conservation interest as long as managers ensure treatment intervals are long enough to permit the development of woody vegetation characteristic of the later stages of this sere. Also, wildlife openings should be large enough to accommodate the territory sizes of all target species, which was ≥1.2 ha in this study.     

Characteristics of aspen infected with heartrot: Implications for cavity-nesting birds

Phellinus tremulae is an important fungal decay agent common to aspen and a critical component to the cavity-nesting bird complex found in western aspen stands. Little information exists on the conditions that facilitate infection and spread of P. tremulae in aspen forests. I used Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data to explore the relationships of several tree and stand characteristics to the presence and frequency of P. tremulae in aspen measured across several western states of the United States. Results suggest a strong relationship between tree age, tree diameter, and compacted crown ratio with infection frequency in trees while stand purity, canopy cover and stand age had a positive relationship with the occurrence of P. tremulae in forest stands containing aspen. Logistic regression modeling identified stand age as the only variable that increased the odds of predicting infection at the stand-level while all tree-level variables were included in the tree model. Data also show that infection rates in the study area were lower than in other parts of aspen's range, and that average size of infected trees was smaller in the study area than those reported elsewhere. These results have important implications to management of aspen for wildlife, especially for birds that use decayed aspen for nesting.