农村散养畜禽寄生虫感染情况调查及防治报告

根据大竹县农村散养畜禽寄生虫病的感染情况及流行病学特点,提出了畜禽寄生虫病感染情况调查方案和驱虫试验。     

超饲诱导水禽肥肝形成的机制

一些蹼足类动物(如鹅和鸭)在长期的进化过程中,因适应性需要,肝脏具有沉积大量脂肪形成肥肝的遗传特性。生产上利用鹅和鸭的这种特殊遗传特性,进行短期人工强制超饲(填饲),形成营养因素所致的可逆的、获得性的脂肪变性,即鹅(鸭)肥肝。本文综述了肥肝形成的过程及可能的机制,同时提出了有待研究的问题。     

Temporal changes in seabird assemblage structure and trait diversity in the Rapa Nui (Easter Island) multiple-use marine protected area

1. For Rapa Nui (Easter Island) and its largest islet, Motu Nui, the change of the species assemblage over time was analysed, and a trait-based approach to evaluate the potential losses in seabird function across the past centuries was applied. At a finer scale, the seasonal changes in seabird species composition in the current seabird assemblage was assessed to better understand the dynamics of the long-term inferred patterns.
2. For Rapa Nui, the composition of the seabird assemblage between the prehistorical, historical, and current time has changed significantly. The most critical change, probably associated with human colonization, was observed between prehistoric and current times. The current diminished number of nesting seabird species was probably the result of local extirpation without evidence of colonization by new species.
3. For Motu Nui, changes in species composition were also followed by changes in trait structure, which were smaller than observed in Rapa Nui. This is probably due to the presence of a relatively high number of related species (i.e. Procellariids) with high similarities in their foraging behaviour.
4. The nesting seabird assemblages in Rapa Nui and Motu Nui differ in exposure to risk; thus, conservation strategies applied to the islands should be planned on a fine spatial scale. For Rapa Nui, which is an urban wildlife area with several invasive species and a low number of remaining native seabird species, management should focus on fencing and pets control. For Motu Nui, management should instead focus on the establishment of quarantine and other biosecurity tools to avoid both the entry and proliferation of new invasive species.

     

我国出口观赏鸟血液原虫的调查与分析

通过显微镜检查对来源于全国各地的37种出口观赏鸟进行了血液原虫调查。共检查血样1144份，结果为：血液原虫的检出率为2．1％，主要是血变原虫和／或疟原虫。感染季节以秋冬两季为主，易感鸟品种主要是白腰文鸟、红喉歌鸲、蓝歌鸲、暗绿绣眼鸟、豆冠、白燕、情侣鹦鹉。     

Bacteria and antibiotic resistance detection in fractures of wild birds from wildlife rehabilitation centres in Spain

Anatomic adaptations make birds more prone to open fractures with exposed bone parts losing vascularization. As a result of this exposure, fractures are colonized by different microorganisms, including different types of bacteria, both aerobic and anaerobic, causing osteomyelitis in many cases. For this reason, antibiotic treatment is common. However, carrying out antibiotic treatment without carrying out a previous antibiogram may contribute to increased resistance against antibiotics, especially in migratory wild birds. In this paper, bacterial counts regarding fracture type, bacterial identification and antibiotic resistance have been analysed in wild birds from wildlife rehabilitation centres in Spain. The results obtained showed that open fractures had higher bacterial counts (CFU/mL) than closed ones. Bacteria in family Enterobacteriaceae, identified were Escherichia spp., Enterobacter spp., Shigella spp., Hafnia alvei, Proteus mirabilis, Leclercia adecarboxylata and Pantoea agglomerans. Other bacteria present in wild birds’ fractures were Aeromonas spp., Enterococcus spp. Bacillus wiedmannii and Staphylococcus sciuri. All species found presented resistance to at least one of the antibiotics used. Wild birds can be implicated in the introduction, maintenance and global spreading of antibiotic resistant bacteria and represent an emerging public health concern. Results obtained in this paper support the idea that it is necessary to take this fact into account before antibiotic administration to wild animals, since it could increase the number of bacteria resistant to antibiotics.     

Wild Bonelli’s eagles (Aquila fasciata) as carrier of antimicrobial resistant Salmonella and Campylobacter in Eastern Spain

Wild birds have repeatedly been found to be involved in the dissemination of enteric bacterial pathogens in the environment. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of Salmonella and Campylobacter as well as the antimicrobial resistance in wild Bonelli’s eagles nestlings in Eastern Spain. In addition, we compared the efficiency of two sampling methods (fresh faecal samples from nest and cloacal swabs from nestlings) for detection of both bacteria. A total of 28 nests with 45 nestlings were analysed. In the nest, Salmonella occurrence was 61 ± 9.2%, while Campylobacter occurrence was 11 ± 5.8% (p < 0.05). In the nestlings, Salmonella occurrence was 36 ± 7.1%, while Campylobacter occurrence was 11 ± 4.7% (p < 0.05). Eight Salmonella serovars were identified, and the most frequently isolated were S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, S. Houston, and S. Cerro. Only one Campylobacter species was identified (C. jejuni). Regarding antimicrobial resistance, the Salmonella strains isolated were found to be most frequently resistant to ampicillin and to tigecycline; however, the sole Campylobacter strain recovered was multidrug resistant. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that wild Bonelli’s eagles nestlings are greater carriers of Salmonella than of Campylobacter. Both Salmonella and Campylobacter isolates exhibited antimicrobial resistance. In addition, faecal samples from nests were most reliable for Salmonella detection, while cloacal swab from nestlings were most reliable for Campylobacter detection.     

江苏省天福国家湿地公园鸟类栖息地植物群落特征对鸻鹬类水鸟的影响研究

目的 研究栖息地植物群落特征的季度变化规律,探讨其对鸻鹬类水鸟群落的影响机制,为鸟类栖息地管理提供科学依据。 方法 2019/07—2020/07期间,在天福国家湿地公园鸟类栖息地,利用样方法和样线法分别获取植物群落特征数据和鸻鹬类水鸟群落数据,通过转换变量,构建回归模型。通过主成分分析和聚类分析对鸻鹬类水鸟进行鸟类集团划分。 结果 统计分析发现：（1）天福国家湿地公园共记录到草本植物30科72属77种,鸻鹬类水鸟18种230只;（2）植物群落高度和植被覆盖度的比值与鸻鹬类水鸟个体总数和鸟类个体总数的比值呈显著正相关;（3）不同性状的鸻鹬类对植物群落特征的季度变化响应程度有差异,通过主成分分析和聚类分析将鸻鹬类水鸟划分成4个鸟类集团,其中集团4即中翼长、中嘴裂长、中跗跖长的鸻鹬类水鸟受植物群落特征的季度变化影响大于其他鸻鹬类鸟类集团。（4）目前天福国家湿地公园保护管理中心未进行区分不同植物群落而采取有差别的管理措施,属于无区别化干扰。 结论 天福国家湿地公园鸟类栖息地植物群落特征对鸻鹬类水鸟群落特征有显著影响,且对不同鸻鹬类鸟类集团的影响机制具有差异性;研究区无区别化的栖息地管理措施须结合植被群落演替规律及不同性状鸻鹬类水鸟的生境需求而精准改进,建议针对不同鸻鹬类鸟类集团的差异性生境需求,精准管理不同的植物群落特征,同时增加不同类别的栖息地管理措施。     

桃金娘科引鸟植物在华南地区园林绿地的生态景观营造研究

桃金娘科园林植物形态种类丰富,能吸引鸟类、蜂类、蝶类等,对部分桃金娘科引鸟植物的生态效益和景观营造进行评估。结果表明：桃金娘科植物花色艳丽,果实硕大,可作动物食源,能有效吸引具有生态景观价值的野生鸟类如暗绿绣眼鸟、白头鹎、红嘴蓝鹊、红耳鹎、珠颈斑鸠、黑脸噪鹛、乌鸫、领雀嘴鹎等。结合花期吸引传粉昆虫及果期引鸟效果,提出相应的生态景观营造策略,有利于食物网的完善构建,进一步完善绿地生态系统建设。     

长白山红松阔叶林鸟类多样性季节格局的初步研究

采用时间序列分析方法,研究了长白山红松阔叶林鸟类多样性的季节格局。结果表明Shan non多样性指数季节格局表现为春秋高、冬夏低的双峰型特点,并与物种、数量和优势度之间有极显著的相关关系;群落各指数季节间的显著差异主要表现在冬季与其他各季之间;各月前两个优势种的比例在多样性格局构成中具有非常重要的作用;5月前和9月后,气温对Shannon指数格局的影响极为显著(r=0 9209,P<0 01)。