Characterisation and origin of rust and powdery mildew resistance genes in VPM1 wheat

Summary The expression of rust resistances conferred by closely linked genes derived from VPM1 varied with environmental conditions and with genetic backgrounds. Under low light and low temperature conditions seedlings carrying Yr17 showed susceptible responses. Stem rust and leaf rust resistance genes Sr38 and Lr37 tended to confer more resistance at 17±2° C than at normal temperatures above > 20° C. These studies supported the hypothesis that Yr17, Lr37 and Sr38 were derived from Aegilops ventricosa, whereas Pm4b was probably derived from T. persicum. Studies on certain addition lines and parental stocks indicated that wheat cytoplasm may enhance the expression of Sr38.     

Evaluation of landrace topcross hybrids of pearl millet for arid zone environments

Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) cultivars for marginal, arid environments need to combine the adaptation to stress conditions of indigenous landraces with an improved yield potential and disease resistance, to allow them to both perform well in farmers fields and to meet the requirements for cultivar release. This paper evaluates landrace-based topcross hybrids (adapted landraces crossed on high-yielding male-sterile lines), as a quick and efficient way of achieving this objective. Topcross hybrids showed a consistent increase in biomass production across all test environments, including the harsh arid zone environments. Depending upon the plant type of the male-sterile used to make the hybrid, this was expressed as increased grain yield only, or increased grain and fodder yields. The downy mildew (Sclerospora graminicola) reaction of the topcross hybrids was determined by the reaction of the male-sterile line used, with the resistant male-sterile producing resistant topcross hybrids and vice-versa. Topcrossing adapted landraces on high-yielding male-sterile lines thus provides an opportunity to improve disease resistance and grain and/or fodder yields, with no apparent loss of adaptation to the marginal environments in which the landraces have evolved.ICRISAT Journal Article no. 1575     

Chromosomal location of genes for resistance to powdery mildew in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell.). 9. Gene MlZec1 from the Triticum dicoccoides-derived wheat line Zecoi-1

The Triticum dicoccoides-derived wheat line Zecoi-1 provides effective protection against powdery mildew. F₃ segregation analysis of Chinese Spring × Zecoi-1 hybrids showed that resistance in line Zecoi-1 is controlled by a single dominant gene. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis of bulked segregants from F₃s showing the homozygous resistant and susceptible phenotypes identified eight markers, of which four were associated with the resistance allele in repulsion phase. Following the assignment of these four repulsion phase AFLP markers to wheat chromosome 2B with the aid of Chinese Spring nulli-tetrasomic lines, they were physically mapped in the terminal breakpoint interval 0.89 (2BL-6)–1.00 (telomere) of chromosome 2BL. Genetic and physical mapping of simple sequence repeat markers from the distal half of chromosome 2BL located the wild emmer-derived powdery mildew resistance gene distal of breakpoint 0.89 in deletion line 2BL-6. Based on disease response patterns, genomic origin and chromosomal location the resistance gene in Zecoi-1 is temporarily designated MlZec1.     

New Wild Lactuca Genetic Resources with Resistance Against Bremia lactucae

A total of 1027 genotypes of wild Lactuca spp. (L. serriola, L. saligna, and L. aculeata), originating from Israel, Jordan, East Turkey, Armenia, Kazakhstan, China, and various other countries in Europe were screened for resistance to the lettuce downy mildew (Bremia lactucae Regel). The genotypes of L. serriola (N = 962); L. saligna (N = 43); and L. aculeata (N = 22) were tested at the seedling stage with two isolates of B. lactucae (race Bl-21 and Isr-74) isolated from cultivated lettuce in Italy and Israel, respectively. Altogether, the isolates possess virulence against 17 out of 20 Dm genes/R-factors composing the established differential set of lettuce lines/varieties. They could therefore be used for preliminary detection of the presence of new resistance factors. A total of 83 and three genotypes of L. serriola and L. saligna, respectively, were resistant to infection by each of the two isolates alone as well as to the infection by a mix of the two isolates. These genotypes probably carry previously unknown resistance, and therefore could be suitable for exploitation by breeders and further detailed research. The wild progenitor of lettuce, L. serriola, and related species harbor significant untapped genetic resources for lettuce improvement.     

川辐系列小麦品种品系的染色体结构变异研究

采用~(32)P内照射川育5号,选育出了川辐1号。采用~(60)Co丁射线辐照杂种F_2种子,选育出了川辐2号、川辐3号和川辐4号,以及多抗新材料4037和2270。川辐1号与常规品种绵阳19的染色体结构间差异较小,川辐2号与川辐1号之间有1对染色体结构存在差异。川辐2号与绵阳19号也有1对染色体结构存在差异。4037与绵阳19的杂种F_1,大量形成1个四价体,4037与川辐2号的杂种F_2,形成四价体、三价体、2个单价体、4个单价体的细胞都有,4037是一个典型的易位系,其基因组成与绵阳19更接近。2882的染色体结构与几个品种之间都存在着差异,其染色体结构值得进一步研究。4037的抗白粉病基因由主基因控制,表现为加性效应,为单基因遗传,是由~(60)Co丁射线诱变产生。     

Genetic studies on the powdery mildew resistance of winter barley lines derived from Hordeum spontaneum accessions collected in Israel

The genetics of the powdery mildew resistance of 15 Hordeum spontaneum-derived winter barley lines were studied in testcrosses with selected cultivars carrying the MIa12 and MIa13 resistance alleles, in order to identify the inheritance of the resistance and to test for linkage with the MIa locus on chromosome 1H (5). A total of 27 genes were identified. Only one of these genes (in line 1–12 x Dura) could eventually be allelic to a gene previously identified in H. spontaneum Koch. A monofactorial dominant inheritance was identified in the majority of the lines. Three of the tested lines possessed recessively inherited genes and in one line a dominant and a recessive gene were identified. In respect to the reaction of the lines against European mildew cultures, lines with a bifactorially inherited resistance had a broader resistance spectrum than those with a monofactorial inheritance, while lines carrying recessive factors showed a moderately expressed resistance. In three cases a linkage with the MIa locus was found, while in two further lines a possible allelism to this locus was indicated by the absence of recombinant progeny plants. By using more than two isolates for linkage analysis, it was possible to identify additional genes for mildew resistance, reaching a maximum number of four genes in the same line. In some cases, a different inheritance was observed for the resistance of the same line against different isolates. It was assumed that different genes exist, each being effective against a different isolate.     

小麦抗白粉病基因pm42的EST连锁图谱构建和比较基因组学分析

目的基因精细遗传连锁图谱的构建是图位克隆的基础,小麦功能基因精细遗传连锁图谱的构建依赖于比较基因组学分析。水稻和短柄草(Brachypodium distachyon)基因组序列是小麦比较基因组学分析和功能基因精细遗传定位的重要工具。本研究利用小麦、短柄草和水稻的基因组共线性关系对小麦抗白粉病基因pm42进行比较基因组学分析,明确了pm42基因所在2BS基因组区域与短柄草第1染色体和水稻第3染色体直系同源基因组区域的对应关系,开发出与抗白粉病基因pm42连锁的EST-SSCP (expressed sequence tag-single strand conformation polymorphism)标记CD452782和BF201235,EST-STS (expressed sequence tag-sequence tagged site)标记CJ674042、EB513371和CV771633,构建了pm42基因EST标记遗传连锁图谱,CJ674042、BF201235、CD452782和CV771633位于pm42近端粒侧,距离pm42的遗传距离分别为1.9、12.0、19.7和25.7 cM;EB513371位于pm42近着丝粒侧,与pm42的遗传距离为14.6 cM。整合原有的作图数据,构建了pm42基因的高密度比较基因组学遗传连锁图谱,pm42被定位于3.3 cM的区间,该区间对应于短柄草66 kb的基因组区域及水稻69 kb的基因组区域。该结果为抗白粉病基因pm42高密度精细遗传连锁图谱构建、分子辅助选择和基因聚合奠定了基础。     

病原侵染早期小麦抗白粉病性状的构成因素剖析和QTL定位分析

以国际小麦作图组织提供的W7984×Opata85重组近交群体为材料,将白粉病抗性分解为互作早期不同时间点的乳突指数、乳突级别、吸器指数和二级菌丝指数等成分性状,在成分性状鉴定和统计的基础上,进行遗传分析和相关QTL定位。白粉菌侵染早期乳突指数和吸器指数随时间的变化趋势均受主效单基因的调控。数量性状分析共找到34个与抗白粉病相关的QTL (21个主效QTL),分布于小麦1B、1D、2B、3A、3B、3D、4A、4B、4D、5B、6A、6B、6D、7B和7D染色体上。位于7B染色体上的QTL(QPmPI16.tn-7B)对乳突形成的影响极为显著,贡献率达48.7%,促进乳突形成的等位变异来自Opata85。不同成分性状存在共定位的QTL。成分性状的特异QTL提供了更多的有关抗白粉病遗传机制信息。     

抗白粉病小麦育种对策

通过对白粉病抗病基因抗性的分析 ,认为目前应加快Pm2、Pm4a、Pm6基因在生产上的应用 ;为培育新一轮抗病品种 ,育种上应利用Pm12、Pm13、Pm16、Pm19、Pm2 0和Pm2 1等抗病基因 ,同时加强慢病性抗原和地方品种抗性的研究和利用 ;在此基础上培育多系品种和聚合累加抗病基因 ,培育持久抗病品种。