外界生物因素对朱哀皿鸟种群数量的影响

朱哀皿鸟是世界上最为稀少的一个禽类物种,为留鸟,为中国Ⅰ级保护动物,已被列入濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约附录。天敌、生存环境、疾病及人类活动等因素严重影响其生存和种群数量。本文通过对上述外界因素的分析,提出应保护和恢复朱哀皿鸟栖息地,加强朱哀皿鸟疾病研究,扩大人工种群规模,逐步野放更多的人工孵化鸟,补充野外种群并扩展新的保护区。     

羊草种群各类地下芽的发生、输出与地上植株的形成、维持动态

羊草地下芽库中各类型芽及所形成子株和母株的季节动态变化研究结果表明,当年返青母株是由上一年母株形成的80%的分蘖芽与分蘖芽子株,15%的根茎顶芽与根茎顶芽子株,以及5%根茎节芽和根茎节芽子株组成的,分蘖芽与分蘖芽子株是返青母株的主体。随着返青母株的生长,根茎顶芽是在5月20日早于分蘖芽和根茎节芽1个月发生,并首先呈水平生长方式远离母株,占据生态位;在6月20日水平根茎顶芽开始向地面弯曲,输出子株的同时,分蘖芽和根茎节芽开始形成,并输出子株。羊草母株以产生低比例根茎芽和高比例分蘖芽的扩展和丛生联合生长方式,以年内和年间的芽、子株、母株之间的不断循环,年复一年地维持着种群的无性繁殖机制。高降水年份可显著地增加地下芽库各类型芽数量,从而使地上子株和母株密度增加。     

辽东半岛不同生境天然结缕草种群冬眠构件的结构

按生物的构件理论,将冬眠苗和冬眠芽视为结缕草种群的冬眠构件,并将全体冬眠苗和冬眠芽看作潜在种群,将全体分蘖株看作现实种群,分析了4个不同生境中冬眠苗和冬眠芽的结构以及潜在种群与现实种群的数量特征。结果表明,同一生境中结缕草种群的冬眠苗和冬眠芽具有相似的结构;不同生境中,结缕草种群的冬眠构件数量、分蘖株数量差异极显著,但根状茎冬眠构件占分蘖株数量的比率没有显著差异,从而揭示了不同生境结缕草种群保持大小相对稳定及其与生境长期适应的种群动态。     

红砂种群繁殖特性的研究

以 2个不同生境条件及发育阶段的红砂种群为对象 ,开展了红砂种群繁殖特性的研究。结果表明 ,红砂除以种子和根基劈裂方式繁殖外 ,特定条件下还存在不定根繁殖方式。3种繁殖方式在种群繁殖中所占比例因种群所处生境及发育阶段的不同而有较大差异。位于干旱、沙化生境的成熟阶段红砂种群以无性繁殖为主 ,占种群繁殖比例的 72 .4 % ,样地内未见当年实生苗和幼龄有性繁殖个体。位于相对湿润、以侵入种出现在山地草原的幼龄阶段种群以有性繁殖为主 ,占种群繁殖比例的 5 3.5 % ,其中当年实生苗占 3.9%。两个红砂种群中 ,红砂灌丛的劈裂繁殖体数与冠径均呈显著的正相关关系 (n=30 ,P<0 .0 1)。不定根繁殖与灌丛大小不相关 (n=30 ,P>0 .0 5 ) ,其发生主要依赖于枝条被流沙掩埋后 ,再遇降水使沙土含有足够萌根的水分。封育条件下 ,红砂种群当年仅有 4 8%的灌丛开花结实 ,平均种子产量为 0 .89g/丛 ,变化在 0 .0 4～ 3.6 3g/丛之间。此外 ,讨论了繁殖特性与环境条件的关系     

苹小吉丁林间扩散行为的初步研究

目的 掌握苹小吉丁成虫在林间的自然扩散行为规律,以制定合理的害虫监控策略。 方法 于伊犁巩留县五乡栽培苹果园内采用标记-重捕法监测苹小吉丁雌雄试虫在不同方向、不同距离的扩散数量及影响因子进行了研究,对扩散速度进行了分析,同时对林间种群数量进行了预估。 结果 结果表明：苹小吉丁在林间的扩散对方向具有一定的选择性,主要向北面、南面及东北面进行扩散,分别回捕到标记释放总虫数的3.2%、3.2%和2.7%;东南面和西南面均未回捕到标记试虫。随着回捕点距离的增加,标记试虫回捕数量逐渐降低,扩散至5 m处的数量最多,占标记释放总虫数的6.6%,最远扩散至北面35 m,说明标记试虫由果园北面迁出的潜在性较大,扩散距离整体呈指数分布趋势（R2 = 0.9262）。苹小吉丁雄虫扩散速度高峰出现在第3 d,为1.7 m·d−1;而雌虫扩散速度高峰出现在第12 d,达到2.5 m·d−1。随着释放时间的推移苹小吉丁雌雄虫的扩散率逐渐上升。由种群数量预估方程计算得知,试验田间苹小吉丁估计种群数量为2253头,雌成虫估计值为1262头,雄成虫估计值为989头。 结论 苹小吉丁在林间具有一定的自然扩散能力,最远可达35 m,且雌虫的扩散能力要强于雄虫。林间种群数量预估结果能为苹小吉丁发生动态预测和控制策略制定提供参考依据。     

Changes in the density and growth of brown trout (Salmo trutta) after intensive removal of sympatric Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) in the sub‐Arctic lake Møkkelandsvatn,Norway

This study tests the basic hypothesis that the removal of charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.), would cause an increase in both the growth and density of a sympatric trout population, Salmo trutta L. The charr population was characterised by slow‐growing individuals, with a high proportion of mature fish, that is typical for so‐called overpopulated populations. A total of 31,000 charr was removed from the lake in the period 1990–1992, and the density of younger trout (1+, 2+), but not older trout (3+, 4+), increased. The growth of older trout (3+, 4+) increased, but the evidence for similar growth increases of younger trout (1+, 2+) was limited. From 1989 to 1990, the proportion of trout increased from 30 to only 40% of the total catch, but from 1991 to 1994, it was significantly higher (60–80%) than that of charr. Total trout biomass increased to a maximum in 1992 and then decreased so that the biomass of 1994 was nearly similar to that of 1989, that is before the start of the charr removal. Back‐calculated lengths of trout from otoliths showed that 2+ and 3+ trout caught in the pelagic were growing consistently faster over previous years than those caught in the littoral, while this was not the case for the 4+ fish. Therefore, the hypothesis was partially supported; the growth rate of trout increased (age groups 1+ to 4+), while the density of juvenile trout (1+, 2+), but not the older trout (3+, 4+), increased after the removal of charr.     

Influences of population density,temperature and latitude on the growth of invasive topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva

Plasticity in life‐history traits provides advantages for introduced fish in overcoming demographic bottlenecks that would otherwise inhibit establishment. Here, the influence of population density, temperature and latitude was tested on the growth increments and growth rates of invasive populations of topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva, a small Asian cyprinid fish that is invasive across Europe. Aquaria experiments tested the roles of fish number and temperature on growth increments under a fixed food supply, pond experiments tested the role of density on growth increments, and a field study completed in England and Wales tested the influence of density and latitude on growth rates. In aquaria experiments, whilst growth increments were higher at 21 and 23 °C than at 19 and 25 °C, fish number had a greater influence on growth than temperature. Higher growth increments were produced at lower densities. In experimental ponds, growth increments were significantly higher in ponds with low densities of P. parva compared with those at elevated densities. In the field study comprising 10 wild populations across a latitudinal gradient of 4.0°N, a difference in mean air temperatures of approximately 3 °C, and estimated densities between 0.5 and 65.0 m^?2, population density was the only significant predictor of growth rates. Whilst populations at very low densities comprised of significantly faster growing individuals, there were no significant differences when densities were between 15 and 65 m^?2. Thus, invasive P. parva populations have considerable growth plasticity, especially at low densities, with this likely to be important in their ability to colonise new environments.     

氨氮胁迫对四鼻须鲤鱼肝脏GST酶活力的影响

实验采用生态毒理学方法,以NH4Cl为实验药物,设置0、50、150和250mg/L实验浓度。通过对野生和养殖群体的四鼻须鲤鱼氨氮对肝脏谷胱甘肽巯基转移酶（GST）活力的影响,比较两个群体抗氨氮能力。结果表明：在相同的氨氮浓度和胁迫时间下,四鼻须鲤鱼养殖群体GST酶活力的变化趋势与野生群体大致相同。除250mg/L浓度组在胁迫5d和10d时,野生群体酶活性略低于养殖群体外,在其余时间点的野生群体酶活性均高于养殖群体,而且,在高浓度氨氮胁迫下,野生群体肝脏的GST酶活性达到峰值的时间比养殖群体更短,显示出较强的抗氨氮能力。     

轮回选择在烟草育种中的应用及方法

提出了在烟草育种中应用轮回选择方法的必要性,综述了轮回选择改良群体的理论与方法和轮回选择在烟草育种中的应用效果,同时探讨了轮回选择在烟草群体改良中的应用特点和方法。     

湘西北长果安息香种群数量与分布格局

对湖南石门壶瓶山景关门、桑植龙潭坪茅垭村样地的长果安息香(Changiostyrax raxdolichocarpa)种群数量和分布格局进行调查和分析。结果表明：长果安息香种群的年龄结构呈衰退型，个体数量主要集中在小树(IV龄段)，幼龄级株数和老龄级株数匮乏；长果安息香种群在进入生理死亡年龄前有2个死亡高峰，第1个峰值产生于幼树(II、III龄段)，主要原因是种内和种间竞争(主要是光照)，第2个峰值产生于中树长成大树阶段(V、VI龄段)，除种内、种间对环境的竞争外，生长地土层浅薄、大树倒伏及人为砍伐亦加剧了该峰值的产生；种群整体呈聚集分布类型，小树向中树、大树变化过程表现出聚集分布向随机分布转变，导致长果安息香濒危的主要原因是种子萌发率极低、种群竞争能力较差以及人为干扰等。