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51.
《Journal of Sustainable Forestry》2013,32(3):71-92
This study was conducted to examine the effect of simulated acidic precipitation and aluminum treatment on the growth of Alnus species and the contents of nitrogen fixed by Frankia. The growth and nitrogen contents of Alnus species inoculated with nitrogen-fixing organisms were greater than those of noninoculated Alnus species when treated with simulated acidic precipitation. The nitrogen contents were higher in the soils used for the growth of Alnus glurinosa inoculated with Frankia than in those without Frankia inoculation when treated with either acidic precipitation or aluminum. The-development of root hairs treated with simulated acidic precipitation was poor as lhe pH level decreased, and the injury of A. glurinosa was more severe than that of Alnus hirsuta under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The growth and nitrogen contents of A. hirsura inoculated with Frankia were greater than those of non-inoculated species and A. glutinosa when treated with aluminum. The leaves of A. glutinosa became yellowish-brown and fell earlier. Under SEM and light microscopy, the surface layer of roots in both Alnus species was injured severely and the number of root hairs decreased as aluminum levels increased. 相似文献
52.
At present, our understanding of the dynamics of microbial biomass and soil N in silvopastoral systems is very limited. In
this paper, the effects of understorey management on soil microbial C and N, net N mineralization, and net nitrification were
studied in two seven-year-old radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) – pasture systems, consisting of plots with and without ryegrass (Lolium perenne) as an understorey. Mini-plots (1 × 1 m) with animals excluded and herbage repeatedly clipped and removed were used for soil
sampling. Three mini-plots formed a transect at each of two positions: 0.9 and 3.5 m north of the tree rows. Measurements
were taken from July 1997 to June 1998 about once every 40 days. One composite sample was collected from each of two sampling
depths (0–10 and 10–20 cm) at each transect position on each sampling date. Temporal and spatial variability of N mineralization
rates and microbial biomass C and N was large. Net mineralization and nitrification rates were higher in the bare ground than
in the ryegrass plots for a major part of the year, particularly from late spring to early fall. Net N mineralization and
nitrification rates were higher in the 0–10 than in the 10–20 cm soil layers in both the ryegrass and bare ground treatments;
however, the depth effect on microbial biomass C and N was only significant in the ryegrass treatment. In the surface soil
layer, microbial biomass C and N were substantially greater in the ryegrass than in the bare ground plots. Soil microbial
properties and activities were closely linked to pasture root activities, soil depth, and site biophysical conditions.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
53.
Whole-stand models normally require data on initial stand basal area and dominant height. Dominant height measurements are time-consuming and often imprecise, compromising subsequent predictions. Poplar plantations provide a special case where basal area correlates with site index; a whole-stand model could thus be based on stand basal area. We report a static model constructed by the generalized algebraic difference approach (GADA) for poplar plantations for three different hybrid poplars (Populus × euramericana (Dode) Guinier “I-214”, “MC”, and “Luisa Avanzo”) in northeast Spain. The transition function was based on current stand basal area and was fitted with data from 158 permanent plots ranging from 1- to 17-year-old plantations. Merchantable stand volume was estimated by a volume equation where height was predicted by a height–basal area relationship based on 458 temporary plots. The model differences between clones were compared using the nonlinear extra sum of squares method. Significant differences were detected, while Luisa Avanzo presented the highest merchantable volume at the end of the rotation. Errors in basal area predictions were below 20% within 6 years in the case of Luisa Avanzo and MC clones, and within 3 years in the case of I-214. Our research showed that satisfactory predictions can be obtained using GADA with a single transition function based on an easily measurable variable such as stand basal area. 相似文献
54.
AgcncrationrcfcrstoaIltrccsgencratcdinsamcPCriodoftimc.Tl1isisat`idcl}'ac-ccptedcol1ccpt.a11dtl1c111ostimPOrtantcharac-tcristicofgcncrationisgcncrationintcri'aloflime.TlcbiologicalcontcntisrcIati\'c1}'t'agucwhcnidcntif3'agcncrationonIyb}'mcansoftime.ltisPoi11tcdoutb}By31,lHlI(l985)tl1atagcncrationrcfcrstoalltl1ctrccst`11ichhax'csamcorigination,agc.morPho1og}',ccologica1proPCrt3'andPOsitionincom111unity,sotl1crcarcman}'`"a},stoidcntif3'gcncration.ltisjustbccauscofthcabundanccoftl1cconnota… 相似文献
55.
I. A. Jaiyeoba 《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》1998,9(3):207-215
Soil properties associated with six age-grade plantations of Pinus oocarpa Schiede and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh., respectively, including nearby natural vegetation, were compared in the savannah zone of Nigeria. The soil organic matter, total nitrogen and exchangeable nutrients first show declining values with the increasing age of the plantation, then an increase and finally steady or declining values in the 0–15 cm soil depth. Usually the differences between the two youngest plantations and the oldest plantations, and the natural vegetation, were significant. In the 20–30 cm soil depth the properties showed a decrease or steady values over time, with the three oldest plantations showing significant differences from the natural vegetation. The soil pH showed an increased acidity over time. There was little difference in the soil properties between the two tree species. The implications of the results are discussed in relation to sustaining productivity and soil fertility. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
56.
Knowledge of the origin, evolution and weathering of Pampean soils is still limited. There are few prior studies of silicophytoliths, even though they could be important pedogenetic indicators that provide information about the role of amorphous silica in the reestablishment of soil structure. The aim of this work is to determine the silicophytolith content in Typical Argiudolls of the Pampean Plain, Argentina, its relation with vegetal cover and its effect on pedogenesis. We worked in three plots with different vegetal cover: grasses and shelter-belt plantations of Acacia melanoxylon – Celtis tala and Eucalyptus globulus – Celtis tala. In the study area, morphological characterization and particle size distribution analysis of soils were completed, and pH and organic matter content were determined. The heavy liquid separation was realized with sodium polytungstate (δ = 2.3 g/cm3) and an average of around 500 mineral grains were counted under optical microscope for the quali-quantitative analysis. There were no differences between profiles with respect to their morphological properties, organic matter content and particle size distribution, except for the higher organic horizon development of the forest plots as compared with the grass plot. The silicophytolith content was higher in the forest plots than in the grass one; within each profile, this fraction content decreased from the surface (63–40%) to the subsurface levels (23–5%) of soils. This decrease parallels the pieces of amorphous silica (< 7.5 μm) distribution in all plots analyzed. Afforestation over the past 50 years does not affect either the morphological or the physico-chemical properties of soils. These forest species, through the organic horizons, preserve soil conditions, which insures a higher representativity of silicophytoliths in comparison with the grass plot. 相似文献
57.
ABSTRACTAccording to traditional biogeographic theory, historical contingency can influence soil microbial communities. Thus, we ask: are historical contingencies (soil profiles and geographic sampling locations), or other factors (seasonal changes and soil nutrients), important drivers of soil bacterial communities? This study used high throughput sequencing technology to investigate the soil bacterial compositions of rubber plantations at the local and geographic scales. Significant differences were detected in bacterial compositions between two study locations, Xishuangbanna and Hainan Island. Redundancy analysis showed that the most important factor driving bacterial composition was site location and total nitrogen, which explained 38.2 and 38.4% the total variance, respectively; this indicates that historical contingencies drive distinct bacterial communities in rubber plantation soils. At the local scale, there were also distinct differences in soil bacterial compositions between the dry and rainy season in both the Xishuangbanna and Hainan sites. Seasonal changes explained 13.6 and 41.4% of the total variation of soil bacterial composition in Xishuangbanna and on Hainan Island, respectively, whereas other factors had little effect on soil bacterial communities (p < 0.001). In conclusion, our results demonstrate that historical contingencies drive variation in bacterial composition at the geographic scale, whereas seasonal changes influence variation at the local scale. 相似文献
58.
Temporal Changes in the State of a Pine Stand in a Bog Affected by Air Pollution in Northeast Estonia 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We used the needle trace method to investigate changes in the state of a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stand in a bog (Voorepera) in the north-eastern part of Estonia, the most polluted area of the country. Additionally, we chose six sampling sites in other parts of Northeast Estonia (polluted area) and eight sites in southern Estonia (unpolluted area) to compare the state of pine stands in different bogs. During the period of 1964–1997, the radial growth had increased from 0.27 to 2.16 mm yr–1 and the annual shoot length from 0.10 to 0.28 m in Voorepera. Mean values of the period (1.13 mm yr–1 and 0.26 m, respectively) were two and four times higher in Voorepera than the average of the other bogs (0.5 mm yr–1 and 0.06 m, respectively). Maximum needle age fluctuated between three and five growing seasons in Voorepera, the mean (four growing seasons) was similar to that of other bogs (four growing seasons). Except radial growth, which was 0.6 mm yr–1 in the polluted area and 0.4 mm yr–1 in the unpolluted area, other indices of trees' health (shoot growth, needle age, nitrogen concentration in needles) and substrate conditions (water pH and N concentration) did not show clear differences between polluted and unpolluted areas. We conclude that air pollution from oil shale industry (thermal power plant and chemical factories) enhances the growth of pines in bogs, which can induce drastic changes in these ecosystems. However, the effect is currently obvious only in the vicinity of pollution sources. 相似文献
59.
Carlos A Rodas Rubén Serna Maria D Bolaños Ginna M Granados Michael J Wingfield 《Southern Forests》2015,77(3):165-171
Adelgids (Hemiptera) in the genus Pineus have been reported as introduced insect pests causing serious losses to Pinus plantations worldwide. In 2008, Pineus boerneri was recorded for the first time in Colombia, with infestations noted on Pinus kesiya, P. tecunumanii, P. maximinoi and P. oocarpa. The lack of information on this insect in Colombia prompted investigations of its life cycle and infestation levels as well as host susceptibility of the main Pinus species planted in Colombia. In addition, the possibility of using a Ceraeochrysa species, an already established predator of adelgids in Colombia, for biological control was considered. Results showed that Pineus boerneri in Colombia has an anholocyclic life cycle comprised of four instars with a complete duration of between 49 and 97 d. Infestations were higher in the middle and upper part of trees. Pinus kesiya and P. maximinoi had the highest levels of susceptibility in field as well as in greenhouse trials. A survey of naturally infested trees showed P. tecunumanii to be moderately susceptible, whereas P. patula and P. oocarpa had low levels of susceptibility in a greenhouse trial but were not susceptible in the field. Investigations considering the impact of predation of Ceraeochrysa species showed a high predation rate of up to 140 P. boerneri consumed per day by a single Ceraeochrysa individual. Other predators of P. boerneri were recorded but were not sufficiently common to warrant detailed study. 相似文献
60.
Quang V Cao 《中国林学(英文版)》2014,1(3):177-184
Background: Different types of growth and yield models provide essential information for making informed decisions on how to manage forests. Whole-stand models often provide well-behaved outputs at the stand level, but lack information on stand structures. Detailed information from individual-tree models and size-class models typically suffers from accumulation of errors. The disaggregation method, in assuming that predictions from a whole-stand model are reliable, partitions these outputs to individual trees. On the other hand, the combination method seeks to improve stand-level predictions from both whole-stand and individual-tree models by combining them. Methods: Data from 100 plots randomly selected from the Southwicte Seed Source Study of Ioblolly pine (Pinus taedo L) were used to evaluate the unadjusted individual-tree model against the disaggregation and combination methods. Results: Compared to the whole-stand model, the combination method did not show improvements in predicting stand attributes in this study. The combination method also did not perform as well as the disaggregation method in tree-level predictions. The disaggregation method provided the best predictions of tree- and stand-level survival and growth. Conclusions: The disaggregation approach provides a link between individual-tree models and whole-stand models, and should be considered as a better alternative to the unadjusted tree model. 相似文献