国内外木结构建筑耐火性能的研究进展

为推动现代木结构建筑在国内的发展,分析了木结构建筑耐火的关键性,重点介绍了近二十年来国内外在木结构建筑耐火模拟测试、建筑及其结构耐火极限试验、防火材料应用和软木制品的保温隔热检测与耐火应用等方面的研究进展及成果。在学习和借鉴的基础上,通过总结国外研究成果和经验,提出目前国内在木结构建筑耐火研究方面尚存在的一些问题,与国外相比研究工作的薄弱环节。建议在国内外已有的木结构建筑相关标准规范基础上,加强国内在木结构建筑防火研究的理论基础工作,尤其是模拟试验研究,为木结构建筑的耐火性能评估奠定基础。同时,强调软木材料自身特性,提出在木结构建筑构件及其连接节点处使用软木材料覆面,在保证实用性的基础上,还起到绝缘、隔热、装饰的作用,进一步提高木构件的防火性能,从而提高建筑整体的耐火性。通过上述分析,以期为我国现代木结构建筑防火优化设计提供有益参考。     

Intestinal absorption of forsythoside A in different compositions of Shuang-Huang-Lian

Shuang-Huang-Lian (SHL), a traditional Chinese formula containing Lonicerae japonicae flos (LJF), Scutellariae radix (SR) and Forsythiae fructus (FF), is commonly used to treat acute upper respiratory tract infection, acute bronchitis and light pneumonia. Forsythoside A is one of the main active ingredients in Forsythiae fructus, a key herb in SHL. In the present study, effects of different compositions in SHL on the intestinal absorption of forsythoside A were investigated. The observations from in situ intestinal circulation model showed that A/%(h^− 1) of forsythoside A in FF + LSF, FF + SR and SHL were all reduced greatly compared with that in FF. However, in pharmacokinetics study, C_max and AUC_0 → 1440 of forsythoside A all increased and T_1/2 prolonged in SHL, FF + LJF and FF + SR compared with FF. The results indicated that the different compositions of SHL decreased absorption but increased bioavailability of forsythoside A, which may be related to its metabolism inhibited in intestine or liver.     

Spatiotemporally interactive growth dynamics in selected South African forests: Edaphoclimatic environment, crowding and climate effects

Stand-level tree diameter growth patterns were explored for evergreen moist forests in the southern Cape, South Africa. Results of standard multiple regression analyses, involving 934 permanent sample plots with data spanning a 10-year interval, revealed that stand-level increment of canopy species in the canopy layer (>30 cm dbh) was significantly determined by inherent species-specific growth capacities (species composition of the stand), water availability, forest matrix crowding and tree condition impairment (age-related manifestations of reduced vitality indicated by signs of crown die-back, damage and stem rot). In contrast, stand-level increment of trees of canopy species in the subcanopy layer (10-20 cm dbh) was prominently shaped by light availability, as mainly determined by the degree of canopy-level disturbance (mortality rate of trees >30 cm dbh), crowding (canopy-level overhead and forest matrix crowding) and proximity to conspecific adults (within 6-8 m). In addition to species-inherent and resource factors, considerable variation in stand-level growth resulted from site-climate interactions. For 507 of the permanent sample plots, increment data was available for two consecutive 10-year intervals; permitting the analysis of spatiotemporal interactions of growth patterns (repeated measures ANOVA). In the Knysna forests higher canopy-level increment rates were associated with the moister southerly facing slope sites in comparison with the drier northerly facing and ridge sites during the first increment period. During the second increment period, increment rates on the drier, but better illuminated sites had increased disproportionately. In contrast, in the Tsitsikamma forests, higher increment rates during the second increment period were encountered on moister flat bottomland sites (with extended periods of subsoil wetness) than on the comparatively drier southerly facing slope sites (increment period × site-based water availability × forests interaction). In both forests relatively higher growth performance of subcanopy-level trees during the second increment period was associated with stands experiencing conditions of enhanced light availability. Atmospheric temperatures were higher during the second increment period (mean periodic T_max: + 0.64 °C). The detected spatiotemporal interactions were interpreted as site × climate interactions where site-related conditions of favourable light or water availability resulted in enhanced temperature-linked growth responses during the second increment period. A metabolic performance trade-off model provided a framework for the interpretation of these complex site-climate interactions by placing the patterns of forest growth into an ecophysiological explanatory context.     

干热河谷区紫檀与柚木生长适应性研究初探

通过引进实生苗开展栽植试验,并观测和分析苗木成活率、基径、树高和叶片净光合速率,研究了紫檀与柚木在干热河谷区的生长适应性。结果表明：紫檀可能较为适应干热河谷的气候条件,栽植早期通过人工抚育和肥料管理,可望达到较好效果;柚木的适应性较差,生长受限,人工栽植措施还有待进一步研究。     

基于燃烧室外预热的柴油发动机性能分析

能源匮乏和环境污染已成为当今世界各国所面临的两大难题,柴油机凭借高热效率和高可靠性得到越来越广泛的应用。利用自制的电控恒温燃油预热装置,对柴油发动机进行燃油室外预热,分别进行柴油机的负荷特性实验、速度特性实验和排气烟度实验。实验结果表明,能够改善柴油机工作性能的最佳预热温度范围为60—90℃。     

能源植物乌桕杂种苗期形态与光合特性及分子鉴别

随着化石能源的日益枯竭,发展以生物柴油为代表的可再生生物质能源,对缓解能源紧张和保障能源安全具有十分重要的意义。乌桕是生物柴油的优质原料树种,但中国乌桕产量普遍较低。因此,开展高产乌桕品种选育相关研究具有十分重要的意义。笔者以大悟县优良地方乌桕品种葡萄桕（py）,鸡爪桕（jy）及其杂种（hy）为材料,对它们的形态学特征...     

苗木切根技术研究进展

精准培育的理念已经渗入到森林培育的各个环节。切根作为干扰根系最为重要的技术,也受到越来越多地重视。切根可以划分为芽苗切根、苗期切根和起苗后切根等3种类型,把平截、扭根、侧方修根、盒式修根等称为苗期切根,是狭义切根范畴。结合苗木形态指标、生理指标和造林效果,综述每一类型的切根对苗木质量和造林效果的影响。以辐射松为代表的主根发达树种,通过芽苗切根、苗期的平截和扭根,抑制根系顶端优势,从而降低苗木高生长,促进侧根发育,形成发达、紧凑的根系,调整苗木地上和地下比例,最终提高苗木造林效果。以花旗松为代表的慢生常绿树种,侧根较为发达,切根效果不一。苗木平截和扭根后,内源激素、矿质营养、碳水化合物、水分等均会发生变化,这种变化如何影响苗木质量的机制尚不明确。     

香椿幼树光合作用及其影响因子研究

香椿叶片光合速率季节性变化为双峰曲线,最高峰出现在 6月,次高峰出现在 8月。日变化也呈双峰曲线,最高峰出现在 9:30,次高峰出现在 16:30,午间有明显的“午休”现象,叶片光合能力等非气孔因素是导致午休的主要原因。香椿光合作用的光饱和点为 110 0 μmol·m-2 ·s-1,补偿点为 5 3.9μmol·m-2 ·s-1。光合作用最适温度为 35.8℃。     

Effect of CCC and daminozide on growth of silver birch container seedlings during three years after spraying

Applications of growth retardants, daminozide and CCC (chlormequatchloride), were studied in order to determine their effects on morphology and post-planting growth of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) container seedlings. Daminozide was sprayed once (on 28 June at concentrations of 1.0 – 6.0 g l^–1) and CCC was sprayed twice (on 29 June and 27 July at concentrations of 0.5–3.0 gl^–1). Height growth, morphology of seedlings at the end of the growing season, the shoot and root growth potential the following spring and field performance during the following seasons were measured. During the first summer in the nursery, both daminozide and CCC retarded height growth,but daminozide was more effective. The effects of compounds on stem diameter during the summer of application were small. Neither of the compounds affected the field performance of seedlings. The most suitable applications for retardation of height growth, without negative effects on other morphological variables, were 4 g l^–1 (32 mg per seedling) for daminozide and 2 g l^–1 (16 mg per seedling), sprayed in two applications, for CCC.     

杨木纤维/无机纳米Al2O3复合材料的阻燃性能

采用锥形量热仪法研究了杨木纤维／无机纳米Al2O3复合材料的点燃时间、热释放速率、总热释放量、有效燃烧热、质量损失速率等。实验结果表明,通过无机纳米Al2O3改性后,点燃时间延长了1倍;45s和175s出现的热释放峰值明显减弱,热释放速率明显降低,平均热释放速率下降了38％,热释放速率峰值下降了25％;总释放热下降了38％;175s的放热峰出现前,其有效燃烧值略低于空白纤维板材,并且两者都比较平缓;质量损失与燃烧时热释放速率同步。