磷素水平对不同大豆品种产量和品质的影响

选用近年来在黑龙江省推广面积比较大并具有代表性的东农42（高蛋白品种）、合丰25（中间型品种）、东农46（高油品种）3个基因型大豆品种作为试验材料,采用盆栽的方式,在每千克土壤施N和K2O各为0.033g基础上,设P1、P2、P3、P4 4个施P处理（即每千克土壤分别施P2O5 0、0.033、0.067、0.100g）,进行了3个大豆品种产量和品质的研究。结果表明,3个基因型大豆品种在单株产量、品质方面存在着差异。东农42和合丰25以P3处理单株产量和蛋白含量最高,东农46以P2处理单株产量和蛋白质含量最高;3个品种都是P4处理脂肪含量最高。同一处理不同品种间子粒蛋白质含量是东农42＞合丰25＞东农46;子粒脂肪含量是东农46＞合丰25＞东农42。     

冬虫夏草无性型鉴定的几种方法

介绍了冬虫夏草无性型的几种验证方法.     

Evaluation of a fish meal analogue as a replacement for fish meal in practical diets for Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

Three six‐week growth trials and a digestibility trial were conducted to evaluate a fish meal analogue (FMA) as a replacement for fish meal (FM) in shrimp feeds. Trials 1 and 2 evaluated and confirmed the potential of FMA supplementation (0, 48.5, 97, 145.5 and 194 g/kg) as a replacement for FM up to 200 g/kg without balancing for phosphorus (P) in practical diets for juvenile Pacific white shrimp L. vannamei. At the end of trial 1, shrimp offered diets containing 48.5 g/kg FMA exhibited significantly higher weight gain (WG) than those fed with the diet containing 145.5 g/kg FMA. At the end of trial 2, dietary FMA inclusion at 48.5 and 97 g/kg significantly improved WG and protein retention (PR), while reducing FCR and protein content of shrimp body compared to the diet containing 194 g/kg FMA. To determine whether P deficiency is the cause of reduced growth, the third trial was conducted utilizing equivalent diet but balanced for P. At the end of trial 3, shrimp fed diet containing 48.5 g/kg FMA+P showed significantly higher WG and PR than those fed diet containing 145.5 g/kg FMA+P. No decreasing trend of growth was detected in the diets containing FMA compared to the FM‐based diet. Apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, energy, protein and amino acids of FMA were determined using chromic oxide as an inert maker and the 70:30 replacement technique. The energy, protein and individual amino acid digestibility of FMA were significantly lower than those of soybean meal and FM which were run at the same time. Results of this work indicate that FMA can replace up to 200 g/kg FM in shrimp diets with supplemental inorganic P. Given the good growth across the range of inclusion without any indication of a growth depression, the low nutrient digestibility of FMA may be due to an atypical response or the product simply does not work with the testing technique.     

不同形态氮肥及施氮量对白羊草产量和品质的影响

为了提高饲草产量和品质,为白羊草（Bothriochloa ischaemum）生产创造最大效益,本实验采用随机区组设计,分别用尿素（U）、硫酸铵（AS）、硝酸铵钙（CAN）3种形态氮肥分别以0,30,60,120,240 kg N·hm^-2施氮水平对田间栽培的白羊草进行施肥处理。结果表明：施60 kg N·hm^-2尿素的干草产量最高达到13.5 t·hm^-2,其次为AS-N₆₀和CAN-N₁₂₀。对于白羊草的粗蛋白质（CP）、粗脂肪（EE）、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）、酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）含量,施U时均以U-N₆₀水平时最佳,施AS时均以AS-N₁₂₀水平最高。施用CAN时,其EE、NDF在60 kg N·hm^-2的含量最适宜,而CP和ADF的含量在120 kg N·hm^-2含量最好。结合产量、营养品质及经济效益,以施用60 kg N·hm^-2的尿素较适宜。     

磷肥中腐植酸添加比例对玉米产量、磷素吸收及土壤速效磷含量的影响

【目的】 腐植酸可提高磷肥的肥效,对于其在磷肥中适宜添加量的研究可为我国磷肥的增效减量提供依据。【方法】 将腐植酸增效剂按1%、5%、10%和20%的比例添加到磷酸一铵中,制成四种腐植酸磷肥试验产品（HP1、HP2、HP3和HP4）,利用土柱栽培试验研究在等磷量（施P2O5量0.1g/kg干土）投入及等肥料重量（施磷肥实物量0.16g/kg干土,即施P2O5量分别减少1%、5%、10%、20%）投入情况下,腐植酸磷肥对玉米产量、磷素吸收利用及土壤速效磷含量的影响。【结果】 1）在等磷量施用情况下,与普通磷肥（P）相比,四种腐植酸磷肥处理玉米籽粒产量增加4.5%～13.6%,且腐植酸添加量越大产量越高,均显著高于普通磷肥处理;在等肥料重量施用下,随着腐植酸磷肥施入P2O5量的减少,玉米籽粒产量逐渐降低,当P2O5施用量减少20%时籽粒产量与普通磷肥处理相比仍未显著降低。2）腐植酸磷肥处理在等磷量施用下较普通磷肥处理可显著提高玉米籽粒磷吸收量和地上部吸磷总量,分别增加6.0%～15.4%和6.3%～14.0%,但秸秆磷吸收量无显著变化;当腐植酸磷肥施入P2O5量减少20%时籽粒磷吸收量和地上部磷吸收总量会显著低于普通磷肥处理。3）与普通磷肥处理相比,在等磷量施用下,腐植酸磷肥的表观利用率提高5.9～13.1个百分点,农学利用率、偏生产力分别提高26.5%～79.1%、4.5%～13.5%,且均达到显著水平。4）施入腐植酸后主要影响050cm土层的土壤速效磷含量,其中1530cm土层速效磷含量增加最为显著,与普通磷肥处理相比增加18.1%～36.6%。【结论】 腐植酸增效剂在1%～20%的添加比例范围内对磷肥均具有较好的增效作用,可提高玉米产量、磷素吸收量及磷肥利用效率,并可提高土壤中的速效磷含量,且腐植酸添加量越大效果越好;利用腐植酸的增效作用来减少磷肥施用量是可行的,在当前磷肥施用量的基础上可减少磷肥用量20%左右而保证玉米不减产。     

深松筑挡对黑土顺坡耕地不同形态磷流失的阻控效果

通过在黑土顺坡耕地应用深松筑挡措施,研究了深松筑挡技术对黑土顺坡耕地不同形态磷流失的阻控效果。结果表明:深松筑挡有拦截径流泥沙,减少坡耕地水土流失的作用。与CK相比,深松筑挡处理最高可以降低坡耕地径流中总磷、可溶性总磷和颗粒态磷浓度的58.19%,64.19%和55.02%;最高可以降低坡耕地总磷、可溶性总磷和颗粒态磷累积流失量的89.32%,90.74%和88.48%。相对来讲,深松筑挡降低径流中可溶性总磷浓度效果较好,颗粒态磷是黑土坡耕地径流中磷流失的主要形态。深松筑挡措施对坡耕地径流中不同形态磷流失均有一定的阻控作用。     

氮肥种类对多花黑麦草产量与品质的影响

为充分利用西南地区牧草资源,完善牧草营养施肥技术,本试验以‘长江2号’、‘特高’、‘F4N’3个品种多花黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum L.)为材料,研究不同氮肥种类对其产量和品质的影响。结果表明:施用尿素的多花黑麦草的株高和产量均为最高,其中尿素处理的多花黑麦草第2茬鲜草产量为7 023kg·hm~(-2),显著高于碳铵和硝基复合肥处理(P0.05);硝基复合肥处理的前3茬多花黑麦草的粗蛋白(CP)含量均最高,但施用尿素的多花黑麦草的蛋白质产量(2 054.10kg·hm~(-2))显著高于碳铵和硝基复合肥处理(P0.05);尿素处理前3茬多花黑麦草的中、酸性洗涤纤维(NDF、ADF)含量均显著低于碳铵和硝基复合肥处理(P0.05);施用尿素和碳铵的多花黑麦草粗脂肪(EE)含量差异不显著,但均显著高于硝基复合肥处理(P0.05)。碳铵处理的多花黑麦草的可溶性碳水化合物(WSC)含量显著高于硝基复合肥和尿素(P0.05),但硝基复合肥和尿素处理间差异不显著。因此从产量和品质综合考虑,3个品种多花黑麦草均以施用尿素较好。     

我国养老方式发展趋势刍议

我国老年人口持续增长,老龄化问题加剧,传统养老方式遇到新挑战,需要建立健全以居家养老为基础,以家庭养老、社会养老和家庭与社会养老相结合为依托的多元化养老体系,探索出一条适合中国国情的养老道路。     

Influence of zinc sulfate and municipal solid waste compost on chemical forms of zinc in calcareous soils

Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient for crop growth. This metal can be found in chemical forms or fractions in the soil. The objective of this study was to investigate the distribution of Zn in special chemical forms using the sequential extraction method after treating eight calcareous soils by zinc sulfate and municipal solid waste (MSW) compost. Zn was separated in seven defined forms as exchangeable (Ex), carbonate (Car), organic (Om), manganese oxide bound (MnOX), amorphous iron oxide bound (FeAOX), crystalline iron oxide bound (FeCOX), and residual (Res). According to the results, the mean concentrations of Zn in chemical forms in untreated soils from higher to lower were 31.84, 8.13, 2.64, 2.57, 0.45, 0.39, and 0.16?mg?kg^?1 for the Res, FeCOX, Car, FeAOX, Om, MnOX, and Ex forms, respectively. The total applied Zn to the studied soils from both the sources of zinc sulfate and MSW compost after incubation for 30 days was converted to chemical forms in the following order: Car?>?Res?>?FeCOX?>?Om?>?FeAOX?>?MnOX?>?Ex. On average, 30.3% of total Zn from zinc sulfate and 28.8% of total Zn in the MSW compost were converted into the Car form. The high content of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) in the studied soils is an important factor affecting the conversion of Zn forms, mostly in the Car form through the application of both the inorganic and the organic sources of Zn.     

高校把握运用监督执纪“四种形态”的思考

从实践情况来看,高校在运用“四种形态”时还存不少问题,也可以说遇到一些困难,比 如对责任主体认识还有些模糊,对第一种形态重视不够、把关不严,纪检干部的能力素质还没有 完全适应“四种形态”的要求,配套的制度也不多等。如何准确理解和运用“四种形态”,是持续推 进高校全面从严治党向纵深发展的题中应有之义。