硅藻土有机肥对Cd-Zn复合污染土壤重金属形态和有效性的影响

通过室内土壤培养试验研究硅藻土有机肥对Cd、Zn复合污染土壤重金属形态和有效性的影响。结果表明,添加硅藻土有机肥可提高Cd、Zn复合污染土壤的pH值,降低土壤有效态Cd、Zn的含量。硅藻土有机肥对Cd、Zn复合污染土壤Cd、Zn形态有明显的影响,表现为明显降低土壤交换态、松结有机态Cd、Zn含量,提高紧结有机态和残渣态Cd、Zn含量。相关分析表明,土壤交换态、松结有机态Cd、Zn的含量与土壤有效态Cd、Zn的含量均呈极显著相关,氧化锰结合态Cd与土壤有效态Cd含量显著相关。硅藻土有机肥用量(土壤重量的5%和10%)对土壤有效态Cd、Zn和不同形态Cd、Zn含量无显著差异。     

有机磷农药废水处理方法研究进展

综述了吸附、混凝沉淀、Fenton试剂氧化等有机磷农药废水的物化处理方法,并介绍了有机磷废水生化处理方法(高效菌处理法、SBR生化处理法、厌氧处理法)的原理、特点及研究现状.     

In vivo total nitrogen and total phosphorous digestibility in Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus thynnus thynnus Linnaeus, 1758) under industrially intensive fattening conditions in Southeast Spain Mediterranean coastal waters

Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (hereafter referred to as tuna) fattening has been developed quite a lot in south‐eastern Spanish Mediterranean coastal waters, but previous information about nutrition and environmental impact is scarce. Total nitrogen and total phosphorous digestibility was investigated in tuna under routine operation fattening conditions as a first step to know nutrient utilization and to provide tools for estimation of waste output. Tunas were fed ad libitum once a day with a mixture of mackerel, herring, pilchard and gilt‐sardine. Body weight of sampled tuna ranged between 150 and 350 kg. Faeces were collected by dissection of the distal intestine after slaughtering and directly with a manual sieve by scuba divers into the sea cages. Endogenous inert marker was acid insoluble ash. Apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) for total‐N was lower when faeces were collected by dissection of the intestine (DI: 658.2 g kg^?1) than when by direct collection (DC: 937.4 g kg^?1). Total‐P ADC was lower when faeces were directly collected (DC: 481.4 g kg^?1) than when collected by intestine dissection (DI: 661.9 g kg^?1). The nitrogen digestibility in tuna was as high as in other carnivorous fish, while low phosphorous digestibility, as in many fishes, could be related with phosphorous excess in diet. DC results seem to be more consistent and appropriate for waste output estimation. Results demonstrate the need for a more accurate nutritional evaluation and development of formulated artificial diets.     

Effects of silage preservation on astaxanthin forms and fatty acid profiles of processed shrimp (Pandalus borealis) waste

Acid silage of shellfish processing waste has been reported to be a good and economical technique to protect these biomasses from bacterial decomposition. Shrimp (Pandalus borealis) by-products contain some value-added nutrients for the aquaculture industry such as carotenoid pigments (mainly astaxanthin) and n − 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. The aim of this work was to determine the effect of ensiling shrimp waste during a long period of time (more than 3 months) on some unstable components such as the astaxanthin forms (free, mono- and diesterified) and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Comparisons of astaxanthin forms and the fatty acid profiles were performed on defrosted shrimp waste and on a 14-week-old shrimp waste silage. No significant difference (P ≥ 0.05) in the total lipids extracted from the two forms of shrimp waste was observed. Nevertheless, a small quantity of the red pigment, presumably an astaxanthin portion, was observed to stay firmly bound to the shrimp carapace after the solvent extraction in shrimp waste compared to the full recovery obtained in ensiled shrimp waste. This may explain the significantly (P < 0.05) higher concentration of total astaxanthin (4.57 vs 3.99 mg/g) found in the crude oil extracted from shrimp waste silage. Higher percentages (P < 0.01) of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were found in esterified astaxanthin from shrimp waste silage (43.9% and 45.5%) in comparison with their shrimp waste (24.7% and 20.3%) counterparts. This suggests that EPA and DHA are the principal fatty acids esterified with the portion of astaxanthin linked to chitin in the shrimp carapace. The utilization of shrimp waste silage as a pigmenting component of salmonid feeds is also discussed.     

氮肥形态及配比对铁核桃根际环境及幼苗生长的影响

 为了探索不同形态及配比的氮肥对铁核桃（Juglans sigillata Dode.）根际生态因子的影响, 为施肥提供科学依据,采用土壤盆栽试验方法,以铵态氮（NH4 +-N）、硝态氮（NO3 --N）和酰胺态氮[CO(NH2)2] 为氮源,研究氮肥形态及配比对实生苗生长和根际土壤中低分子量有机酸含量、微生物数量及多种酶活 性的影响。结果表明：混施等比例NH4 +-N 和NO3 --N 的实生苗株高、基径、植株的鲜质量及地上部和根 系的鲜质量都最大（P < 0.05）,分别为58.03 cm、18.21 mm、238.19 g、147.68 g 和90.51 g,根际土壤中 有机酸总量和细菌、真菌、放线菌的数量及微生物多样性指数显著高于其它处理,分别为16.72 μg · g-1 FW、 592.00 × 105 CFU · g-1、34.33 × 104 CFU · g-1、19.33 × 105 CFU · g-1 和0.1738;酸性磷酸酶、中性磷酸酶、 碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和淀粉酶的活性最强（P < 0.05）,分别为9.54、0.24、3.60、61.98 和8.03 mg · g-1。 单一施CO(NH2)2、NO3 --N、NH4 +-N 会降低根际土壤中有机酸含量、微生物数量和微生物多样性指数。在 混施NH4 +-N 和NO3 --N 的情况下增加NO3 --N 比例会明显降低根际土壤蛋白酶活性。根际土壤中细菌、真 菌和放线菌的数量与中性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶、硝酸还原酶、蔗糖酶和淀粉酶活性呈显著或极显著正相 关;细菌数量与酸性磷酸酶活性呈显著正相关;有机酸总量与脲酶、中性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶、硝酸还 原酶、蔗糖酶和淀粉酶的活性及微生物数量呈显著或极显著正相关;微生物数量及有机酸总量与过氧化 氢酶呈极显著负相关。混施等比例的NH4 +-N 和NO3 --N 能够改善铁核桃根际生态环境,促进实生苗的生 长。     

鱼粉在水产饲料中的应用研究

As a main protein source in aquafeeds, fish meal has been extensively studied. Fish sources, freshness, processing temperature, lipid quality and microbiological index are five main aspects of the evaluation of fish meal quality. This paper reviewed the researches on fish meal including the evaluation of fish meal quality, the use of fishmeal and the environmental problems. Biogenic amine is the main potential toxin in decomposed fish meal including mainly histamine, cadaverine, putrescine and tyramine and most studies showed that they could affect the fish growth performance and health. The determination of protein digestibility of fish meal includes pepsin-digestion method, animal test, capillary electrophoresis, etc. The content of phosphorus in fish meal and its utilization can introduce pollution to water bodies and the use of alternative protein and improvement of utilization of fish meal can help to reduce the pollution from fish meal.     

A core collection of common bean from the Iberian peninsula

Characterization of crop germplasm from specific regions helps understand the patterns of genetic variation that facilitates further germplasm collection, characterization, management and their more efficient utilization in genetics, breeding and other studies. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a traditional crop in the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) where subsistence farmers have been growing and maintaining their own cultivars since their introductions from the Americas in the sixteenth century. Our objectives were to: (i) characterize diversity in the landraces collected from the Iberian Peninsula and (ii) form a core collection. Of 388 landraces from the major production regions characterized for 34quantitative and 13 qualitative characters, including morphological, agronomic and biochemical traits, 74.7% had an Andean origin, 16.8% a Mesoamerican origin and 8.4% had seed mixtures or were recombinants between the two gene pools. Landraces of indeterminate climbing growth habit Type IV(47.2%) and bush determinate Type I(26.4%) with large (52.9%) and medium(27.4%) seeds of white (38.8%) and cream(25.9%) colour were predominant. Similarly, the ‘T’ phaseolin pattern and common bean race Nueva Granada were the most frequent(51%). Some exceptionally large-seeded landraces of Andean (e.g., PHA-0917 with119 g 100-seed weight^-1) and Mesoamerican (e.g., PHA-0399 with 66 g100-seed weight^-1) were found. These and other possible recombinants between the two gene pools merit further investigation. Fifty two landraces (13%) were chosen to form a core collection representing the genetic diversity in the Iberian Peninsula. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

长期轮作连作对不同作物土壤磷组分的影响

对长期轮作连作条件下的大豆、玉米、小麦土壤磷组分进行研究,试验结果表明,供试土壤在不施肥情况下,土壤全磷以轮作区降幅最大,而土壤有效磷以小麦连作区降幅最大,土壤磷组分以大豆连作区土壤中的Ca2-P降幅最大;在施有机肥的情况下,土壤全磷以大豆连作区增幅最大,而土壤有效磷以轮作区增幅最小,土壤磷组分以轮作土壤中的Ca2-P增幅最大。     

长期施肥对土和黄绵土腐殖质结合形态影响及与肥力的关系

对长期施用化肥和有机肥腐殖质结合形态进行了系统研究，结果表明，土和黄绵土腐殖质以紧结态含量为主，其次是松结态，再次是稳结态；长期施有机肥或配施化肥，土壤腐殖质含量增加，松／紧（松结态／紧结态，下同）比值提高；长期施用化肥，紧结态腐殖质含量增加，松／紧比值降低；与松结态腐殖质关系最为密切的农化性状是碱解氮和速效磷，与稳结态腐殖质关系最为密切的是速效磷和ＣａＣＯ３，与紧结态腐殖质关系最为密切的是碱解氮和全氮。     

Long-term Potassium Contribution of Potassium Forms of Udic Haplustept and Sustainability of Growing Crops

A balance sheet of potassium (K) was prepared in a long-term experiment that was started in 1985 on a loamy sand Udic Haplustept at the Potash Research Institute of India, Gurgaon, Haryana, India, involving a sorghum (fodder)–wheat cropping system. During the 20 cycles of sorghum and wheat, as much as 2,404 kg K ha^?1 was released from the structural form of soil K that contributed 77.3% K to the total K removed by growing sorghum and wheat. However, this K released from the structural form could no longer sustain the growth of sorghum and wheat. Both water-soluble and exchangeable soil K forms contributed 3% K and nonexchangeable K contributed 6.6% K. Groundwater used in irrigation contributed 13.1% K. Potassium fertilizer is needed for the growth of sorghum and wheat on a loamy sand Udic Haplustept as in this long-term experiment and other representative soils both to sustain yield and maintain soil K fertility.