In vivo total nitrogen and total phosphorous digestibility in Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus thynnus thynnus Linnaeus, 1758) under industrially intensive fattening conditions in Southeast Spain Mediterranean coastal waters

Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (hereafter referred to as tuna) fattening has been developed quite a lot in south‐eastern Spanish Mediterranean coastal waters, but previous information about nutrition and environmental impact is scarce. Total nitrogen and total phosphorous digestibility was investigated in tuna under routine operation fattening conditions as a first step to know nutrient utilization and to provide tools for estimation of waste output. Tunas were fed ad libitum once a day with a mixture of mackerel, herring, pilchard and gilt‐sardine. Body weight of sampled tuna ranged between 150 and 350 kg. Faeces were collected by dissection of the distal intestine after slaughtering and directly with a manual sieve by scuba divers into the sea cages. Endogenous inert marker was acid insoluble ash. Apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) for total‐N was lower when faeces were collected by dissection of the intestine (DI: 658.2 g kg^?1) than when by direct collection (DC: 937.4 g kg^?1). Total‐P ADC was lower when faeces were directly collected (DC: 481.4 g kg^?1) than when collected by intestine dissection (DI: 661.9 g kg^?1). The nitrogen digestibility in tuna was as high as in other carnivorous fish, while low phosphorous digestibility, as in many fishes, could be related with phosphorous excess in diet. DC results seem to be more consistent and appropriate for waste output estimation. Results demonstrate the need for a more accurate nutritional evaluation and development of formulated artificial diets.     

Effects of silage preservation on astaxanthin forms and fatty acid profiles of processed shrimp (Pandalus borealis) waste

Acid silage of shellfish processing waste has been reported to be a good and economical technique to protect these biomasses from bacterial decomposition. Shrimp (Pandalus borealis) by-products contain some value-added nutrients for the aquaculture industry such as carotenoid pigments (mainly astaxanthin) and n − 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. The aim of this work was to determine the effect of ensiling shrimp waste during a long period of time (more than 3 months) on some unstable components such as the astaxanthin forms (free, mono- and diesterified) and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Comparisons of astaxanthin forms and the fatty acid profiles were performed on defrosted shrimp waste and on a 14-week-old shrimp waste silage. No significant difference (P ≥ 0.05) in the total lipids extracted from the two forms of shrimp waste was observed. Nevertheless, a small quantity of the red pigment, presumably an astaxanthin portion, was observed to stay firmly bound to the shrimp carapace after the solvent extraction in shrimp waste compared to the full recovery obtained in ensiled shrimp waste. This may explain the significantly (P < 0.05) higher concentration of total astaxanthin (4.57 vs 3.99 mg/g) found in the crude oil extracted from shrimp waste silage. Higher percentages (P < 0.01) of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were found in esterified astaxanthin from shrimp waste silage (43.9% and 45.5%) in comparison with their shrimp waste (24.7% and 20.3%) counterparts. This suggests that EPA and DHA are the principal fatty acids esterified with the portion of astaxanthin linked to chitin in the shrimp carapace. The utilization of shrimp waste silage as a pigmenting component of salmonid feeds is also discussed.     

氮素形态对叶菜类NO_3~-、NO_2~-和Vc含量的影响

本文探讨了以NO_3~-、N0_3~-+NH_4~+(1:1)、NH_4~+作为氮源对叶菜类体内NO_3~-、NO_2~-和Vc含量的影响。试验表明:给叶菜类施肥,以硝态氮肥和铵态氮肥混合施用为好,只施硝态氮肥或铵态氮肥都有各自的弊端。     

长期秸秆与氮磷肥配施对土壤钾素形态的影响

以山东省黄河冲积平原低肥力潮土为供试土壤,经18a盆栽土培定位试验后,采用化学形态分析方法对土壤的钾素形态进行了研究。结果表明,长期秸秆还田并配施适量的化肥,能明显提高潮土缓效钾和速效钾的释放效应,对矿物钾的有效化也有一定效果。在秸秆还田量分别为2250、4500、6750kg/hm2范围内,土壤水溶性钾、非特殊吸附钾、特殊吸附钾、非交换钾与秸秆还田量呈显著正相关;与矿物钾呈显著负相关。长期秸秆还田土壤钾素年度变化规律:非交换钾、特殊吸附钾呈逐年上升趋势;水溶性钾、非特殊吸附钾、矿物钾呈逐年下降趋势。     

黄河中游表层沉积物中无机磷的化学形态研究

采用连续浸提法对黄河中游不同粒级表层沉积物中无机磷的各种存在形态进行了研究。结果发现,黄河中游表层(5cm)沉积物中总无机磷的含量范围为1187.08～1467.98μg.g-1,平均为1360.68μg.g-1;在所有不同粒级的表层沉积物中Ca-P含量占总无机磷的绝大部分,Fe-P含量极微,各形态无机磷含量的高低顺序为:钙结合态磷(Ca-P)、闭蓄态磷(Obs-P)、铝结合态磷(Al-P)、吸附态磷(Ads-P)和铁结合态磷(Fe-P);除Ca-P(Fe-P不确定)外,其他各形态磷的的含量均随沉积物粒度变细而增高。     

浅谈VFP中的数据在Excel中输出的方法

Visual FoxPro具有较强大的数据存储和加工能力。但是对于复杂报表的输出却显得很脆弱。为了能够输出较为完美的数据报表，往往与其他软件配合完成，以达到理想效果。利用OOP思想及教据格式转换与Excel软件配合使用即可完成上述功能。     

鱼粉在水产饲料中的应用研究

As a main protein source in aquafeeds, fish meal has been extensively studied. Fish sources, freshness, processing temperature, lipid quality and microbiological index are five main aspects of the evaluation of fish meal quality. This paper reviewed the researches on fish meal including the evaluation of fish meal quality, the use of fishmeal and the environmental problems. Biogenic amine is the main potential toxin in decomposed fish meal including mainly histamine, cadaverine, putrescine and tyramine and most studies showed that they could affect the fish growth performance and health. The determination of protein digestibility of fish meal includes pepsin-digestion method, animal test, capillary electrophoresis, etc. The content of phosphorus in fish meal and its utilization can introduce pollution to water bodies and the use of alternative protein and improvement of utilization of fish meal can help to reduce the pollution from fish meal.     

23年肥料定位试验0～100cm土壤剖面中各形态磷之间的关系研究

采用蒋柏藩-顾益初无机磷分级体系和Bowman-Cole建议的土壤有机磷分组方法对长期定位试验0～100cm土层土壤无机、有机磷的形态组成进行了分级测定,并运用相关分析、通径分析和逐步回归分析对土壤磷各组分与速效磷之间的关系进行了研究,结果表明,对速效磷贡献(通径系数)的相对重要性依次为:Ca2-P(0.8941)>Ca8-P(0.1603)>Al-P(-0.0683)>O-P(-0.0297)>Fe-P(0.0248)>活性有机磷(0.0193)>高稳性有机磷(-0.0187)>中稳性有机磷(-0.0178)>中活性有机磷(0.0077)>Ca10-P(0.0029)。由逐步回归分析得出Ca2-P、Ca8-P是速效磷的主要磷源。     

氧化土和老成土中自然产生的有机酸对磷的活化

Citric and malic acids at concentrations of 0.1,1.0,10,and 100 mmol/L were added to three Ultisols and one Oxisol,The amount of P in solution increased with increasing organic acid concentrations,while the amount of Fe-and Al-bound P decreased.This result suggested that naturally occurring products of organicmatter decomposition could increase the P availability to plants in soils where there is a relatively large pool of Fe-and Al-bound P.The interactions between citric and malic acids at the above concentrations,and p added at rates of 10,20,40,and 80mg/kg were determined.At zero levels of organic acids,all added P became either labile or bound ,and greater proportions remained soluble as the concentration of orgaic acids increased,which suggested that organic acids reduced fixation of dissolved P in Fe-and AL-rich soils .Agricultural practices which increase organic matter input on P-deficient acid soild could decrease P deficiency,This would be important in many tropical and subtropical regions where these soils are common,and where the costs of fertilizers and lime are relatively high.     

长期施肥对华北平原一种潮土有机氮组成的影响

In order to illustrate the change of nitrogen （N） supply capacity after long-term application of manure and chemical fertilizer, as well as to properly manage soil fertility through fertilizer application under the soil-climatic conditions of the North China Plain, organic N forms were quantified in the topsoil with different manure and chemical fertilizer treatments in a 15-year fertilizer experiment in a Chinese calcareous alluvial soil. Soil total N （TN） and various organic N forms were significantly influenced by long-term application of chemical fertilizer and manure. TN, total hydrolysable N, acid-lnsoluble N, amino acid N and ammonium N in the soil increased significantly （P 〈 0.05） with increasing manure and fertilizer N rates, but were not influenced by increasing P rates. Also, application of manure or N fertilizer or P fertilizer did not significantly influence either the quantity of amino sugar N or its proportion of TN. Application of manure significantly increased （P 〈 0.05） hydrolysable unknown N, but adding N or P did not. In addition, application of manure or N fertilizer or P fertilizer did not significantly influence the proportions of different soil organic N forms.