Exploring Chenopodium album adaptive traits in response to light and temperature stresses

Weeds within canopies are depleted in photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) and red to far‐red light ratio (R/FR) throughout their lifespan. Growth cabinet studies isolated PPFD and R/FR effects and explored the adaptive traits of a model invasive weed, Chenopodium album, to light and temperature. Reproductive development progressed rapidly at high temperature, yet the rate of leaf appearance was insensitive to temperatures of 25:15 and 10:5°C (day:night). Low R/FR effects were detected early in the life cycle, but by seed set, growth was influenced by low PPFD. C. album adapted to the simulated canopy environments by delaying seed set, growing taller and producing more leaf area per mol of accumulated incident PPFD. Low PPFD reduced seed number per plant and the carbon/nitrogen ratio of those seeds, but not seed weight. PPFD was a primary cue for many shade avoidance traits and only under low PPFD did R/FR modify the expression of these traits. This study elucidates the adaptive strategies that make C. album a persistent weed.     

本溪山区旱柳物候变化特征及其对气候变化的响应

为了探讨本溪山区气候变化对木本植物物候的影响,利用1980—2012 年国家农业气象本溪县观测站旱柳物候期资料和气温、降水、日照等资料,运用线性倾向率和趋势系数等分析方法,研究了本溪山区旱柳物候期对气候变化的响应。结果表明：在近33 年本溪山区气温呈明显的升温趋势变化,升温速率为0.45℃/10 a,降水和日照呈波动性减小趋势变化,降水量波动幅度较大,最大降雨量与最小降雨量差异大。旱柳芽开放期呈明显的延后趋势变化,其线性倾向率为2.4 d/10 a;开花始期呈拖后趋势变化,线性倾向率为0.35 d/10 a;旱柳变色始期和落叶始期均呈显著的延后趋势,其线性倾向率分别为7.27 d/10 a和5.52 d/10 a。温度对旱柳物候影响最为显著,降水和日照对物候期的变化也有一定的影响。     

Biomass and Accumulation of Potassium,Calcium, and Magnesium in Gladiolus as Affected by Heat Units and Corm Size

In México, gladiolus is an important crop cultivated in the central part of the country. In ornamental geophytes, the size of bulbs is a critical factor, impacting plant growth and quality. The objective of the present study was to model the accumulation of potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and Magnesium (Mg) in gladiolus plants as affected by corm size (3.5, 3.0 and 2.5 cm). Regardless of corm size, total dry mass of plants accumulated in three different stages. The initial stage occurred during the corm sprouting phase and continued through the vegetative phase, ending either shortly before (plants from 3.5 cm corms), at (plants from 3.0 cm corms) or shortly after (plants from 2.5 cm corms) the heading phase. The second stage, on which the plants exhibited a rapid dry mass accumulation, occurred shortly before or shortly after the heading phase, finishing with the elongation of the flowering stem. The third stage showed the highest dry mass accumulation rate, coinciding with the elongation of the flowering stem and ending at the blooming of the spike. To complete all the phenological phases, gladiolus required 1818 heat units regardless of corm size. Not considering the nutrients provided by the corm, gladiolus required a total of 6.33, 5.59 and 5.01 mmol plant^?1 of K, 2.22, 1.69 and 1.38 mmol plant^?1 of Ca and 2.49, 2.00 and 1.68 mmol plant^?1 of Mg when grown from 3.5, 3.0, and 2.5 cm corms. At the beginning of the vegetative phase, plants tended to increase Ca content at the expense of K, whereas the proportion of Mg remained unaffected, however, between the vegetative and heading phases, the proportion of Ca declined while that of K and Mg increased. At the end of the study, the proportion of K was much higher than that of Ca and Mg, whereas the proportion of Ca and Mg was similar.     

作物模型中单叶最大光合作用速率的温度响应修订

作物的光合作用对温度变化敏感, 其温度依存性随品种、生长环境的变化而改变。基于光效率模型的作物生长模型, 在应用中很少对光合作用的温度影响参数值进行订正, 且在全生育期使用相同的参数值, 难免会增加干物质模拟的误差。为此, 本文以ORYZA2000模型为例, 提出了一种修订光合作用温度影响参数值的方法。为确定方法的有效性, 结合2012年和2013年水稻品种两优培九的温度梯度控制实验, 首先利用抽穗开花期光合作用观测曲线提取了不同温度水平的光合作用参数值, 然后结合Arrhenius方程和Peaked方程建立了温度敏感性参数的温度影响方程。将这些方程代入机理性光合作用模型, 模拟了单叶最大光合作用速率与温度的曲线关系。最后, 以归一化后的曲线关系修订作物模型参数值, 并利用两年地上部分生物量(WAGT)观测值对其验证。结果显示, 两优培九单叶最大总光合作用速率随温度的变化关系不同于ORYZA2000的默认设置, 修订后的最适温度为38~40°C, 高于默认值。在10~20°C的低温段, 修订后的温度影响系数低于默认值。从WAGT模拟值的相对误差看, 修订后较修订前平均降低约3.3%。本研究为改进干物质模拟精度和分析不同品种光合作用的温度依存性提供了重要参考。     

A long‐term study of burning effects on a plant pathogen in tallgrass prairie

Tallgrass prairie species have evolved with regular exposure to fire. However, burning has been used as a management tool for reducing plant disease in agricultural systems, posing the question of how plant pathogens of tallgrass prairie would be affected by burning. The rust fungus Puccinia dioicae, infecting Erigeron strigosus (Asteraceae), was studied for 8 years in long‐term experiments to evaluate the effects of burning in native tallgrass prairie. This experiment also allowed evaluation of the effects of nutrient additions, although E. strigosus was rare in the plots with added nutrients in most years. Burning reduced rust severity in most years, but effects from additions of nutrients were rarely observed. There was high interannual variation in rust severity within a location, suggesting that weather may be the most important of these three abiotic factors in determining infection. An analysis of weather variables associated with disease severity found that solar radiation in the month prior to sampling was associated with severity in unburned plots; temperature approximately 2 months prior to sampling was also associated with severity in burned plots. High interannual variation also suggests that the effects of this pathogen on its host would be sporadic and difficult to study in short‐term experiments.     

Response of Spring Phenology of Main Gymnosperm to Climate Change in Harbin City Proper

Global climate change has caused phenology change of vegetation.This is especially obvious in urban area.This paper reveals response mechanism of spring phenology of main gymnosperm in Harbin City proper to climate change based on relationship study between two typical phenophases(beginning of bud burst and beginning of leaf expansion) of Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis),Koyama spruce(Picea koraiensis Nakai),needle fir(Abies nephrolepis) and Pinus sylvestnis var.mongolica Litv.and the temperature of every ten ...     

薰衣草在甘肃定西干旱区的栽培适应性

为扩大香料植物薰衣草(Lavandula spp.)在我国西北的栽培范围,于2008年从北京植物园引进其种子,并于2008-2009年在甘肃定西地区进行栽培适应性试验。结果表明:1)薰衣草出苗率低但成活率高,平均出苗率和成活率分别为19.2%和97.4%;2)生长发育较快且为早花早实物种,1龄和2龄苗平均株高达13.5和44.1 cm,当年个别植株开花,第2年普遍开花结实;3)移栽成活率高,幼苗移栽和1龄苗定植移栽成活率分别为83.3%和99.8%;4)耐寒性和抗旱性强,当年生苗在定西能自然越冬,1龄苗能忍耐1个多月的持续干旱气候条件。研究初步认为,薰衣草能适应定西的气候和土壤条件,在该区具灌溉条件的地方有引种栽培的可能性,但大面积栽培有待继续试验研究。     

冬小麦关键物候空间分布遥感监测方法研究

物候信息对农作物生长的动态监测、田间管理具有重要意义。归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI)能够在大范围覆盖区域内准确地反映农作物物候信息。以河北省为研究区域,选用2000至2009年的SPOT/VEGETATION NDVI旬合成产品数据集,尝试结合气象站点的气温,利用Savitzky-Golay(S-G)滤波重构NDVI时序曲线,以动态阈值法监测研究区冬小麦的返青期开始和抽穗期开始,并对监测结果进行了分析。空间分布上,河北省冬小麦物候期总体上呈现由南到北逐渐推迟的空间分布规律,从各具体年份来看,冬小麦遥感监测结果符合实际的物候地面观测结果,并在因异常气候变化物候期发生变化的年份也有较好的反应,结果表明,通过NDVI时序曲线结合气温的方法可以准确监测河北省冬小麦关键物候期。     

华西亚高山植物园多鳞杜鹃的开花物候与生殖特征

通过运用开花物候指标,于2014年和2015年分别对分布于华西亚高山植物园内的多鳞杜鹃进行开花物候观察、统计和分析。结果表明:多鳞杜鹃花期为4月上旬至5月初,种群、个体、花序和单花水平上花期持续时间分别为24~25、22、13~15、7~9 d。单花开花进程依其开花形态和散粉特征可分为散粉前期、散粉初期、散粉盛期和散粉末期。多鳞杜鹃具有较高的花期同步指数0.815,开花进程呈单峰曲线,表现出一种"大量、集中"的开花式样;个体相对开花强度分布频率集中在10%~50%。开花物候指数与座果数之间的相关性分析表明,始花时间与花期持续时间呈显著负相关,花期持续时间及开花数与座果数均呈显著正相关。多鳞杜鹃开花物候在种群内年度间的相似性说明,植物个体开花物候进程很大程度上是由其遗传因子决定的,而开花物候在年度间的变异,可能是由于气候环境的差异(主要是温度和降水量)引起的。"集中开花模式"、较高的同步指数和较长花期持续时间是多鳞杜鹃适应高山环境的生殖特性。     

Phenology and impact of natural enemies associated with the hop looper (Hypena humuli) in Washington State,USA

The hop looper, Hypena humuli Harris (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is becoming an increasingly important pest of hops (Humulus lupulus L.) (Rosales: Cannabaceae) in western USA. Currently, control of this pest usually involves broad-spectrum pesticides that kill natural enemies and disrupt biological control of other hop pests. In order to develop better management strategies for H. humuli, field and laboratory studies were conducted over a four-year period to identify the pest's natural enemies and to investigate their phenologies and to assess their impact. Nine parasitoid species and assorted species of invertebrate predator were found to attack different life-stages of H. humuli. Levels of parasitism were consistently low throughout the study period and none of the parasitoids found was a specialist natural enemy of the pests. Exclusion cage studies showed, however, that the complex of natural enemies as a whole can significantly reduce larval densities of the pest, and laboratory studies confirmed successful predation of H. humuli larvae by several generalist predators including the European earwig (Forficula auricularia L.), the damsel bug Nabis alternatus Parshley and two species of the geocorid bug genus Geocoris.