茶树新品系“福萱”选育初报

本文介绍了“福萱”茶树新品系的来源、形态特征、春梢生育期、产量、制绿茶品质、抗逆性、生化成分及光合特性等。初步结果表明：“福萱”新品系为无性系,灌木型,中叶类,早生种;一芽一叶期、一芽二叶期、一芽三叶期3年平均比福鼎大白茶早2、2、4天;产量高于对照种福鼎大白茶15.53%;抗寒性、抗热旱害、抗假眼小绿叶蝉及其他病虫害能力与对照品种相当。其春季一芽二叶新梢含茶多酚、氨基酸高于对照种福鼎大白茶,水浸出物、咖啡碱、酚∕氨值均与对照种相近。制绿茶品质优异,外形较肥壮、毫尚显,汤色嫩黄,香显、味醇爽。适合福建福安及相似茶区推广种植。     

Variation in rate of phenological development and morphology between red clover varieties: Implications for clover proportion and feed quality in mixed swards

Red clover (Trifolium pratense) grown in mixtures with grasses often constitutes a lower proportion of total yield in spring than in summer growth. A more even red clover proportion between the harvests would benefit forage quality and management at feeding. We investigated whether inclusion of early versus late‐maturing red clover varieties could reduce this disproportionality. In a two‐year field trial harvested three times per season, each of six red clover varieties was grown in two grass mixtures. Rate of phenological development did not differ during spring growth, but did so in regrowth after first and second cuts. Here, the earliest varieties constituted the highest proportion. At all harvests, the early varieties had lower crude protein concentrations and a higher content of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and indigestible NDF than the late varieties. Clover proportion was higher in swards with a mixture of timothy and meadow fescue than in swards with perennial ryegrass during the first year and lower in the second year. It is concluded that developmental rate should be explored further as a key character for red clover competiveness in spring growth of rapidly elongating grasses.     

《夏小正》所见植物的整理与考证

《夏小正》是中国现存最早的气候物候历,书中记载了大量的植物物候信息。植物考证可以解决历代注释中植物名莫衷一是的问题,客观认知早期农业发展和植物的关系,同时有助于重建历史时期的气候变化。《夏小正》中共记录29种植物,除一种存疑外,其他隶属17科26属,其中木本植物占31%,草本植物占69%,禾本科和菊科出现的植物最多,水生植物和湿生植物占据一定的比重。蓼蓝、芸苔、韭、桃、杏、枣等植物的栽培首次见于文献,反映了该时期的农业技术已初具规模;大部分植物具有较强的实用性,主要作为早期先民的食物、香料、染料、木材以及衣物原料。     

基于MODIS NDVI数据的郑州市植物物候监测研究

基于2011年MODIS NDVI 500 m空间分辨率的16 d合成时间序列数据和郑州市域植物分布图, 利用MODIS数据中高质量的植被指数研究河南省郑州市域植被的季节性变化规律,并通过时间序列谐波分析法(HANTS)和滑动平均法提取3种植被类型的关键物候期。结果表明：2011年郑州市域大部分林地、草地在第85~110天集中生长,到第220~240天基本成熟,在第305~325天逐渐停止生长,生长季长度为200~220 d。大部分冬小麦开始期在第40~60天,在第100~120天生长达到极限,在第135~150天逐渐停止生长,玉米生长期集中在第165~180天,在第220~235天进入抽穗期,在第260~270天生长结束,农作物的生长季长度为90~110 d。研究结果与实地调研、前人研究资料基本相符,具有可靠性,因此利用MODIS NDVI数据能快速监测植被、有效获取区域植被物候信息。     

鸡公山国家级自然保护区植物群落季相及其景观节奏

研究了鸡公山国家级自然保护区乔、灌植被的季相变化。结果表明,一年四季中,春花、夏绿、秋色、冬季枯黄,每个季节阶段都具有典型的植物物候形态组合与色彩组合,独特的季相特征为植物景观的持续开发利用提供了科学依据。     

冬小麦关键物候空间分布遥感监测方法研究

物候信息对农作物生长的动态监测、田间管理具有重要意义。归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI)能够在大范围覆盖区域内准确地反映农作物物候信息。以河北省为研究区域,选用2000至2009年的SPOT/VEGETATION NDVI旬合成产品数据集,尝试结合气象站点的气温,利用Savitzky-Golay(S-G)滤波重构NDVI时序曲线,以动态阈值法监测研究区冬小麦的返青期开始和抽穗期开始,并对监测结果进行了分析。空间分布上,河北省冬小麦物候期总体上呈现由南到北逐渐推迟的空间分布规律,从各具体年份来看,冬小麦遥感监测结果符合实际的物候地面观测结果,并在因异常气候变化物候期发生变化的年份也有较好的反应,结果表明,通过NDVI时序曲线结合气温的方法可以准确监测河北省冬小麦关键物候期。     

Spatial and interspecific variability in phenological responses to warming temperatures

A comprehensive understanding of species phenological responses to global warming will require observations that are both long-term and spatially extensive. Here we present an analysis of the spring phenological response to climate variation of twelve taxa: six plants, three birds, a frog, and two insects. Phenology was monitored using standardized protocols at 176 meteorological stations in Japan and South Korea from 1953 to 2005, and in some cases even longer. We developed a hierarchical Bayesian model to examine the complex interactions of temperature, site effects, and latitude on phenology. Results show species-specific variation in the magnitude and even in the direction of their responses to increasing temperature, which also differ from site-to-site. At most sites the differences in phenology among species are forecast to become greater with warmer temperatures. Our results challenge the assertion that trends in one geographic region can be extrapolated to others, and emphasize the idiosyncratic nature of the species response to global warming. Field studies are needed to determine how these patterns of variation in species response to climate change affect species interactions and the ability to persist in a changing climate.     

基于MODIS数据的新疆草地物候提取方法及变化趋势分析

基于遥感手段监测植被物候涉及两个重要步骤,一是植被指数的重构方法,二是植被物候参数提取方法的选择。不同区域植被物候重构与提取方法的优劣尚无定论,有必要开展不同方法之间的对比分析,从而找到适合某区域最优的遥感提取方法。本研究基于非对称性高斯函数拟合法（asymmetric gaussian,A-G）、双逻辑斯蒂函数拟合法（double logistic,D-L）、Savitzky-Golay滤波法（S-G）和土地覆盖动态产品（MCD12Q2）4种方法反演了2001-2019年新疆地区草地的返青期（start of growing season,SOS）,通过4种方法提取结果对比,找到了适合提取新疆地区返青期的最优模型,并以此对新疆草地返青期时空变化进行研究。结果表明：1）A-G方法反演的新疆草地返青期的结果最佳。A-G和实测点的返青期相关性（R=0.879）较高,均方根误差较小（RMSE=16.395 d）。空间上,A-G方法提取的返青期标准差（<30 d）的面积比例最多,达到82.19%。2）近19年,新疆草地返青期主要集中在第60~140天,且具有自北向南逐渐推迟的明显地域差异。北部准噶尔盆地和伊犁河谷区域的草地返青时间最早,早于第80天,而阿尔泰山、天山中部及昆仑山等区域的草地返青时间最晚,晚于第140天。不同草地类型返青期存在明显的差异,高寒草甸与高寒草原的返青时间最晚,而温性荒漠返青时间最早。3）2001-2019年新疆草地返青期总体呈现微弱的推迟趋势,推迟的面积比例约为53.07%。其中,低地草甸、温性荒漠和高寒荒漠的返青期呈现推迟的变化趋势,而温性草原、高寒草原及高寒草甸的返青期表现为提前趋势。     

Comparison of different strategies for cotton insect pest management in Africa

Anticipating the direction for change in the current cotton insect pest management system in francophone African countries, different pest management strategies were investigated to reduce cotton protection costs and to improve overall pest control decision-making at the farmer level. Four strategies aimed at timing and limiting insecticide applications, were designed to fit the semiliterate level of farmers and pest profiles. Strategy 1 focused on using control thresholds early in the season, Strategy 2 on reducing the dosage in mixtures, while Strategies 3 and 4 were associated with the use of single active ingredients instead of mixtures. These strategies were assessed at the main research station Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire, and were shown to be effective when compared with the current protection programme. The number of treatments and the amount of insecticides applied was reduced while achieving equal or better pest control and yields. The strategies proved to be safer to some beneficial arthropods. Their cost-effectiveness needs to be assessed in more detail at farm level to select the most financially attractive strategy.     

Drip irrigation and nitrogen fertilization alter phenological development and yield of spring maize (Zea mays L.) under semi-arid conditions

Abstract

Maize response to deficit water and nitrogen for assessing phenological development and yield was studied under semi-arid conditions. Experiment consisting three drip irrigation levels, replenish 60 (DI₆₀), 80 (DI₈₀) and 100 percent (DI₁₀₀) of cumulative pan evaporation, and four nitrogen doses 50 (RN₅₀), 75 (RN₇₅), 100 (RN₁₀₀) and 125 (RN₁₂₅) per cent of recommended nitrogen. A Furrow irrigated treatment was kept as control/check. Significant earliness in visibility of collar of 8^th leaf, tasseling, silking and significant delay in dough stage and physiological maturity was recorded under well water treatment DI₁₀₀ as compared to DI₆₀. Days to collar of 8^th leaf, tasseling and silking had significant negative correlation, and duration of yield formation phase and days to physiological maturity had significant positive correlation with grain yield. Higher DM production, longer yield formation phase and late physiological maturity led to significantly higher grain yield under DI₁₀₀. In case of nitrogen levels, phonological characteristics like collar of 8^th leaf, tasseling and silking were significantly delayed, and dough stage and physiological maturity were advanced under nitrogen deficit treatment RN₅₀ as compared to RN₁₀₀ and RN₁₂₅. Significantly higher dry matter production and longer yield formation phase observed led to significant higher SCY under RN₁₀₀ and RN₁₂₅ as compared to RN₅₀. Yield formation phase was significantly longer under drip irrigated crop as compared to control during 2^nd year of study. Crop phenological development significantly affected by drip irrigation regimes and nitrogen levels, and there was significant correlation between phenological stages development and grain yield.