杉木小孢子发生与花粉发育的研究

连续三年进行活体观察。本文较为全面地报道了杉木小孢子发生与花粉发育的研究结果:1.阐明了减数分裂的发生及各阶段的持续时间。2.确定杉木小孢子发生的物候学属Eriksson的第三种类型。3.估计杉木染色体的DNA含量为0.368.PgDNA/μ。4.发现花粉发育过程中淀粉粒的消长规律与细胞质团的形成及其定向移动。5.首次描述了杉木花粉有丝分裂的动态过程。     

北京东灵山森林木本植物物候对气温响应的季节差异

目的 明确北京东灵山暖温带森林木本植物不同物候期对气候变暖响应的季节性差异。 方法 本文利用2003－2019年北京市暖温带森林24种木本植物的6种物候期数据,采用偏最小二乘回归和相关分析计算各物候期对季节气温响应的最优相关时段,并应用Wilcoxon符号秩检验对比各物候期对相关时段内气温响应敏感度的差异。 结果 展叶始期、始花期和盛花期对气温响应的最优相关时段分别为物候期前48、64、55 d（3月上中旬至4月底、5月上中旬）,该时段内气温每升高1 ℃,始花期平均提前6.38 d,显著高于展叶始期（提前4.52 d）和盛花期（提前5.05 d）。萌芽期对气温的响应方式与上述3种物候期不同,其最优相关时段为秋冬季10月28日至下一年1月14日,其次是冬春季3月11日至4月14日（萌芽期前34 d）和夏季7月14日至8月27日。秋冬季相关时段气温每上升1 ℃,萌芽期提前5.48 d,显著高于冬春气温使其提前的天数（3.71 d）,而夏季气温上升1 ℃使萌芽期推迟9.74 d,与其他均显著不同。与普遍的观点不同,叶变色期和落叶期对气温响应的最优相关时段为春夏季4月初至7月中下旬,而对夏秋季（8月下旬至9月中下旬）气温响应显著的物种很少。在气温上升1 ℃的情况下,春夏季相关时段气温使叶变色期和落叶期分别提前7.12和9.55 d,而夏秋季气温使其分别推迟2.27 、5.96 d。近50年,研究点冬末春初（2、3月）气温的上升速度是其他月份的2倍以上,而秋冬季（10—12月）气温无显著变化。 结论 北京东灵山森林木本植物各物候期对不同季节气温的响应方式和强度具有显著差异,且各季节气温的变化呈现不一致性,这可能会对从植物个体到生态系统的各个层次都产生深刻的影响。     

樟树物候观测

在雷州半岛建立固定样地进行对樟树物候观测,研究樟树的生物学特性及物候规律,为樟树人工林栽培提供科学依据和技术支撑。     

气候变化对西北地区不同气候类型区春小麦生长的影响

以直接研究观测到气候变化对作物发育和产量的影响,可以为评估气候变化对作物生产影响提供更准确的信息。利用西北地区特干旱(敦煌)、干旱(武威)、半干旱(定西)、半湿润(临夏)、湿润(岷县)5个案例区1981(1986)—2017年地面观测数据,分析气象变化趋势,确定春小麦生长、产量与气候因子的关系。结果表明,1981—2017年间,5个案例区的气候变化模式及其对春小麦物候和产量的影响在空间和时间上是不同的。除极端干旱地区出现较暖和较潮湿的趋势,其他地区观测到较暖和较干燥的趋势。相关分析表明,1981(1986)—2017年武威、定西、临夏站春小麦产量呈增加趋势,但变化趋势除武威站外均不显著,其中武威站生育期内≥30℃天数的减少致使武威站近37年来产量增加,而定西站生育期内降水增多、每穗粒数显著增多及不孕小穗数的显著减少致使定西站近32年产量呈增加趋势。预计随着全球气温的持续升高和未来降水格局的变化,将进一步影响中国西北地区春小麦生产。     

新疆棉花物候期对气候变化的响应及敏感性分析

为了研究气候变化背景下棉花物候的变化规律,对棉花生长模型COSIM进行参数调校,验证实现本地化,利用数理统计及作物模型模拟的方法,分析了棉花物候期对气候变化的响应及其敏感性。结果表明：1980—2019年,新疆棉区棉花出苗期、现蕾期、开花期分别提前0.5~7.0 d/10a、0.1~5.8 d/10a、0.3~3.9 d/10a,吐絮期推迟0.1~4.7 d/10a。COSIM模型模拟棉花物候变化趋势结果与实际较一致,出苗期、现蕾期、开花期、吐絮期实际值与模拟值的RMSE分别为0.9、0.7、0.6、0.7天。以1981—2010年气候条件为基准,增温0.5℃、1℃、1.5℃、2℃,各棉区棉花出苗期、现蕾期、开花期和吐絮期分别提前0~2天、1~9天、2~12天和3~31天,营养生长、生殖生长分别缩短0~6天、2~22天。在气候变暖的趋势下,通过选择生育期较长的品种、调整播期等措施,可充分利用热量资源,实现棉花优质高产。     

On defining a winter wheat

Summary An international survey of wheat breeders and scientists was conducted to determine whether there was a common understanding of the term winter wheat. Response to photoperiod was mentioned by only seven of the 30 survey respondents. It was consequently suggested that it be excluded from any definition. Response to vernalization was mentioned by 28 of the 30 respondents. However, there was considerable variation in the method of quantifying this response and the degree of response necessary for wheat to be called winter. It was concluded that the only objective and internationally consistent definition of winter wheat was a genetic definition based on the complement of Vrn genes a wheat possesses. Varieties not possessing any of the dominant Vrn alleles appear to take a distinctively longer and more variable time to head when grown under non-vernalizing, long day conditions. These are genetically winter wheats.     

Reproductive phenology ofStenocereus gummosus (Engelm.) Gibson & Horak. Implications for its cultivation

Summary Stenocereus gummosus (“pitaya agria”, Cactaceae) is a wild native species of the Baja California Peninsula, Mexico. The fruit of these plants is harvested by ranchers for public consumption. There has been no attempt to cultivate this species or to enhance fruit production by selecting highly productive lines with desirable characteristics. Nevertheless, it is relatively easy to propagate asexually. Seed propagation is not practical in spite of its regular flower, fruit, and viable seed generation. Here, the “pitaya agria” was studied over 4 years (1988–1991) to generate basic information that may be useful for its induction to cultivation. A sample of plants was monitored during phenological events of budding, flowering, fruiting, and abortion. Among the results, we found that a third of the original buds developed into fruit, and the first 40 cm of the branches yielded more buds where the conversion into fruit was higher than in the rest of the branch. A statistical analysis revealed slight differences in the phenological events, despite dissimilar rainfall over the four years. In view of its successful asexual propagation, this species can be considered commercially promising.     

豫北地区冬小麦生产对气温变暖的响应

利用豫北地区沁阳市农气站1981-2010年气温资料和1984-2010年冬小麦观测资料,采用统计和相关性分析方法,研究该地区冬春季极端气温、冬小麦物候期和产量构成因素的变化以及该区域冬小麦生长对冬春季极端气温变化的响应。结果表明,近30年来,豫北地区冬、春季平均最低气温增温速率分别为1.4℃/10年和1.3℃/10年,冬季增温速率较高;冬季平均最高气温的变化趋势不明显,春季平均最高气温升高显著,其增温速率为0.7℃/10年。冬小麦返青期的年际变化趋势不明显,抽穗期和成熟期分别以4.0天/10年和2.9天/10年的趋势显著提前,抽穗期提前的趋势较大,全生育期天数以4.6天/10年的趋势显著缩短。冬小麦有效穗数的变化趋势不明显,但穗粒数以4.4粒/(穗?10年)的速率显著减少,千粒重以4.9 g/10年的速率明显增加。相关性分析表明,冬季平均最高气温每升高1℃返青期提前2.7天;春季平均最高气温和最低气温每升高1℃抽穗期分别提前2.8天和3.4天,成熟期分别提前2.6天和2.5天,全生育天数分别缩短3.5天和3.6天。冬季平均最低气温每升高1℃有效穗数和穗粒数分别减少20.5穗/m2和2.4粒/穗;春季平均最高气温每升高1℃千粒重增加2.0 g;千粒重与春季平均最低气温呈抛物线关系,当最低气温超过13℃时,千粒重开始下降。豫北地区近30年来冬春季极端气温变暖的趋势明显,该区域极端气温变暖对冬小麦生产的影响较为显著。     

Transition through the taprooted growth stage in white clover as related to temperature

Morphology and phenology, including stolon disintegration, of white clover were studied at two sites in the first three years after sowing. The plants reached their maximum size in late summer in the first year after sowing, and the populations contained at that time mainly taprooted plants. The subsequent fragmented plants were smaller in most of the investigated characteristics. A function describing the daily transition rate from taprooted to fragmented plants in relation to daily mean temperature is presented. Deviations between the recorded and the calculated proportion of taprooted plants were small; the overall root mean square error was 0·057. The data indicated that there is a low temperature requirement that must be met prior to the onset of transition. It is also suggested that, in further modelling of the response of white clover to temperature, the effect of daylength should be accounted for, particularly if the data are collected from sites with a considerable latitudinal spread.