广东葡萄一年两收设施避雨栽培模式主要病虫害与防治关键期

【目的】全面了解广东葡萄一年两收设施避雨生产模式主要病虫害的发生情况,明确其防治关键物候期。【方法】在 2016—2019 年进行走访式和常规式调查按治早治小的原则,根据主要病虫害发生动态、相对应的葡萄物候期和防治实践确定防治关键期。【结果】在设施避雨模式下,广东一年两收葡萄病害发生最严重的是白粉病,其次是溃疡病、霜霉病、穗轴褐枯病、灰霉病、日灼病、气灼病、毛毡病等;虫害发生最严重的是蓟马,主要物种是茶黄蓟马、烟蓟马、棕榈蓟马,其次是二斑叶螨、斜纹夜蛾、中喙丽金龟、缺节瘿螨等。与露地栽培的主要病虫害有较大差异。防治关键期重点在休眠期（修剪清园期）、开花前期、幼果期、果实膨大期、果实转色期、果实成熟期。【结论】广东葡萄一年两收设施避雨模式主要病虫害种类不同于露地栽培,具有易重叠发生、危害期较长、多种病虫害出现两个甚至多个发生高峰期、同一病虫害更易爆发等特点。应对广东一年两收设施葡萄病虫害应当有针对性抓关键期防治,重点做好休眠期清园,消灭病虫源,结合花期果期等防治关键期开展有针对性的病虫害防治。     

桂北地区蟋蟀物候对气候变暖的响应

对桂北地区蟋蟀始鸣和终鸣以及气候变化多年同步观测资料进行对比分析,结果表明:近10年来桂北地区蟋蟀始鸣期呈提前趋势,终鸣期稳定,始终鸣间隔日及生长繁殖季显著延长;桂林雁山近34年来平均气温呈显著上升趋势,特别是近10年来增温特别明显,在增温过程中又以春季增温为主,冬季和秋季增温次之,夏季呈弱降温趋势;2~4月平均气温(T2-4)是影响蟋蟀始鸣期和始终鸣间隔日的主要气候生态因子;蟋蟀物候期变化是对气候变暖响应的结果。     

吕梁山地区植被物候变化及对气候的响应

吕梁山地区地形垂直差异明显,植被对气候变化反应敏感,研究吕梁山地区植被物候变化,探索植被物候变化与气候的响应关系,旨在为高海拔山区植被物候研究和生态治理提供借鉴。基于2000—2015年MODIS NDVI时间序列数据,通过动态阈值法提取吕梁山地区的植被物候,对气温、降水进行空间插值,并对植被2个关键物候期与气候因素进行偏相关分析。结果表明：（1）植被生长季开始日期(the start of the growing season,SOS)提前的区域约占85.7%,其中16.2%显著提前;植被生长季结束日期(the end of the growing season,EOS)推迟的区域约占90.6%,其中33.3%显著推迟。（2）区内74.8%、87.7%植被SOS分别与气温、降水呈负相关,气温升高或降水增加,植被SOS提前。植被SOS在高海拔山区受4月气温影响显著,而低海拔地区受4月降水影响显著。（3）区内72.6%、65.1%植被EOS分别与气温、降水呈正相关,气温升高或降水增加,植被EOS推迟。植被EOS在北部和西部地区受11月气温影响显著,而高海拔地区受9月降水影响显著。2000—2015年吕梁山地区植被物候发生显著变化,各地区对气温、降水的响应不同,研究结果可为区域物候、气候变化研究和陆地生态治理提供科学依据。     

鸡公山国家级自然保护区植物群落季相及其景观节奏

研究了鸡公山国家级自然保护区乔、灌植被的季相变化。结果表明,一年四季中,春花、夏绿、秋色、冬季枯黄,每个季节阶段都具有典型的植物物候形态组合与色彩组合,独特的季相特征为植物景观的持续开发利用提供了科学依据。     

Direct impacts of recent climate warming on insect populations

Effects of recent climate change have already been detected in many species, and, in particular, in insects. The present paper reviews the key impacts of global warming on insect development and dispersal. The effects of climate change appear to be much more complex than a simple linear response to an average increase in temperature. They can differ between seasons and bioclimatic regions. Earlier flight periods, enhanced winter survival and acceleration of development rates are the major insect responses. Differential response of insects and hosts to warming up might also lead to disruption of their phenological synchrony, but adaptive genetic processes are likely to quickly restore this synchrony. In a number of cases, warming results in removing or relocating the barriers that limit present species' ranges. It is also likely to facilitate the establishment and spread of invasive alien species. Finally, knowledge gaps are identified and future research interests are suggested.     

The newest leafminer pest in Israel,Liriomyza huidobrensis

The pea leafminer,Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard), recently introduced into Israel, has proven to be extremely proliferous and difficult to control. It is a much more serious pest of vegetable and flower crops than the previously introducedLiriomyza trifolii (Burgess). Photosynthesis is reduced and cosmetic damage is incurred when adult flies stipple plant leaves with feeding punctures and larvae mine the leaves. This paper will review briefly the history, biology and potential control measures of the pea leafminer.     

盐池沙地主要灌木种的物候及生长规律研究

本文根据实验基地的实际现测数据,阐述了柠条、毛条、杨柴、花棒、沙柳、柽柳、沙木蓼等七种沙土灌木的物候及生长规律。     

多年生观赏草的生长和繁殖特性研究

对引种的13种观赏草的物候期、生长情况、繁殖特性进行了调查研究并结合引种试验和应用调查对其引种安全性进行了评价.结果表明:13种观赏草均能够在宁波气候条件下正常生长,达到较好的景观效果,而且不存在自播和根系扩张的可能,确保了生态安全.为今后观赏草在长三角地区园林景观中的应用提供了依据.     

用随机发育模型预测马尾松毛虫的发生期

用马尾松毛虫各龄虫口密度的定期调查资料和积温资料,拟合Logistic随机发育模型,结果表明,该模型能精确地描述马尾松毛虫第1代1～6龄幼虫的发育进程。对各龄虫口的时间分布,模型预测值和观察值的吻合程度达90%。对模型参数进行比较表明,除了温度(积温)以外,还有另外一些因素影响着马尾松毛虫的发育进程。     

Pearl Millet Phenology and Growth in Relation to Thermal Time under Arid Environment

Pearl millet ( Pennisetum glaucum L.R.Br.) hybrid MH 179 was grown under two moisture regimes viz., optimal moisture and rainfed conditions. The field experiment was continued for three consecutive rainy seasons to quantify the pearl millet development with thermal time. The possible influence of variation in natural sowing date on the relationships between crop development and thermal time have been described. At cardinal temperatures of 10°C (base temperature below which pearl millet development ceases), 33°C (optimal temperature for development) and 45°C (maximum temperature at and above which no development takes place), the crop required 1490–1794°Cd thermal time to reach physiological maturity. The thermal time requirement for different developmental stages was influenced by the sowing time and moisture availability during the growing season of the crop.
The leaf tip appearance on the main shoot of pearl millet in relation to thermal time was almost linear under both moisture conditions requiring about 44–50°Cd ± 2.6 °Cd leaf⁻¹, till the appearance of the flag (last) leaf. However, leaf tip appearance on primary tillers was slightly slower and required 53-58°Cd ± 4.7°Cd for each new leaf. Appearance of first primary tiller was later (at 320°Cd after emergence) under the rainfed condition as compared to the crop under the optimal moisture (at 250°Cd).Thereafter, the tiller appearance in relation to thermal time under both moisture conditions was at a linear rate of about 53-56°Cd ± 9.5°Cd tiller⁻¹.
Effect of microclimatic variations, canopy temperature, radiation and photoperiod on the phenology-thermal time relationships have been discussed under both the moisture conditions.