几种模拟酶的研究进展

模拟酶是一类利用有机化学方法合成的比天然酶简单的非蛋白分子.对环糊精模拟酶、冠醚化合物的模拟酶、超氧化物歧化酶模拟物等结构特征进行综述,为设计和合成更加简单、稳定的模拟酶提供参考.     

萘胺类化合物对氟中毒家蚕幼虫血液H2O2酶活性的影响

用 Na F、萘胺类化合物 CRL和增效剂处理 5龄用桑 ,氟中毒的蚕其血液过氧化氢酶活性大小依次为 :Na F处理区 >Na F CRL处理区 >Na F CRL 增效剂处理区 >对照 CK区 .说明 CRL和增效剂有明显的缓解家蚕氟中毒作用     

根结线虫拮抗放线菌的筛选及菌株HA10002的鉴定与活性物质分析

为了筛选获得对根结线虫具有拮抗能力的强活性放线菌菌株,并从菌株中发现新的杀线虫活性化合物,从海南东寨港红树林采集海泥样品9份,从五指山原始森林等地采集土壤样品51份,用平板稀释法对海泥和土壤样品进行分离;以南方根结线虫2龄幼虫为靶标线虫,采用24孔细胞培养板液体线虫法进行初筛和复筛;根据形态特征、培养特征、生理生化特征和16S rDNA序列对复筛出的活性菌株进行鉴定;菌株发酵液经溶媒萃取、硅胶柱层析、Sephadex LH 20凝胶过滤和制备薄层板层析,采用活性跟踪法从中分离纯化杀线虫活性化合物;化合物经光谱及波谱分析和文献对照,进行结构鉴定。从60份样品中分离得到356株菌落形态有差异的放线菌。初筛得到16株对根结线虫校正死亡率在80%以上的菌株,复筛获得3株线虫校正死亡率在95%以上的菌株,其中分离自海泥样品中的菌株HA10002抗线虫活性最强,发酵原液的校正死亡率达100%。HA10002经鉴定为白浅灰链霉菌,从其发酵液中分离获得2个活性化合物,其中A26 3为Nocardamine,A22 1的结构正在进一步鉴定中。上述结果表明,筛选出的放线菌HA10002能合成2种以上杀根结线虫的活性代谢产物,是一株遗传稳定且具有开发潜力的活性菌株。     

有机物料对白土土壤胡敏酸结构特征的影响

【目的】研究有机物料施入对白土土壤的腐殖质含量组成和胡敏酸(HA)结构特征的影响,为明确不同腐殖质组分对土壤肥力的影响提供理论依据。【方法】供试土壤为江苏省溧阳市南渡镇"白土改良大田示范试验核心区"的南方中低产水稻土(白土)。试验设秸秆还田(ST)、施有机肥(OM)和对照(CK,不施有机物)3个处理,培肥3年。同时采集试验田周围相邻的江苏省耕地质量监测点(2007~2013年)的每年施化肥(LAF)和长期不施肥(NF)的两种处理土壤进行比对研究。分别测定土壤的基本理化性质及其腐殖质含量的组成,并提取土壤胡敏酸(HA)固体样品利用红外光谱和元素分析来进行结构表征。【结果】秸秆还田和施有机肥处理的有机碳、全氮含量明显高于对照;与对照相比,施有机物料土壤HA的E4/E6比值增加,且秸秆还田施有机肥对照。红外光谱显示,试验区域和耕地监测点的不同处理土壤HA均在1650 cm-1处(酰胺I带)和1550 cm-1处(1500~1580 cm-1酰胺II带伸缩振动)有特征吸收。施有机肥和秸秆还田处理土壤HA的2920/1720、2920/1650比值显著大于对照。在元素组成上,OM、ST处理的土壤腐殖质(HA)中C、H、N的含量比均高于CK,相对长期施化肥(LAF)和不施肥(NF)的土壤有明显提高,而氧元素的含量呈降低的趋势;OM和ST处理土壤HA的[H]/[C]和[O]/[C]原子数比均低于CK;与LAF和NF处理相比,试验区域各处理土壤腐殖质的[H]/[C]和[O]/[C]原子数比均有明显降低。【结论】有机物料施入土壤后可增加土壤有机碳含量,改善土壤理化性质,提高作物产量和品质,且施入土壤的有机物料可转化为新的腐殖质,降低土壤的腐殖化程度。土壤腐殖质(HA)的红外光谱分析说明,白土土壤HA具有明显的酰胺类化合物特征。有机物料施入后使得土壤脂族性增强,羧基量减少,芳香度降低;秸秆还田和施有机肥处理与对照相比,土壤HA的[H]/[C]和[O]/[C]比均有下降的趋势,且HA的氮素含量明显增加,这显示有机物料施入后白土土壤腐殖质发生"脱水"过程,同时也反映了白土土壤腐殖质形成的特征。     

复方中草药对镜鲤(Cyprinus carpio var.specularis)幼鱼非特异性免疫功能的影响

在基础日粮(对照组)中分别添加2%由不同比例的刺五加(Acanthopanax senticosus Harms)、枸杞子(L.Chinense Mill.)、金银花(Lonicera japonica Thunb)和黄芪(Astragalus membranaceus)配伍的复方中草药,记为复方Ⅰ、复方Ⅱ、复方Ⅲ、复...     

超声波-微波协同法提取分蘖葱头有机硫化合物的工艺优化及其组分分析

以分蘖葱头为试材,采用超声波-微波协同法提取有机硫化合物,进行分蘖葱头有机硫化合物工艺优化试验,并利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对提取物组分进行分离鉴定,以期为进一步研究和开发分蘖葱头功能组分提供参考依据。结果表明:最佳提取工艺为微波温度55℃、料液比1∶8 g·mL^-1、协同时间6 min、搅拌转速300 r·min^-1、超声波功率500 W,该条件下有机硫化合物得率为0.2771%±0.0023%。该条件得到15种有机硫化合物,含量较高的是噻吩类39.0678%±0.0043%,其次是三硫化合物14.1570%±0.0071%和硫醚类7.3872%±0.0052%,其中含量相对较高的有机硫化合物为2,4-二甲基噻吩、3,5-二乙基-1,2,4-三硫杂环戊烷、二烯丙基二硫醚。     

德国及蒙古沙棘品种无性系生物学和观赏性价值评估

沙棘由于其有丰富的内含物和多方面的用途正被作为＂新兴水果＂而赢得了人们越来越多的重视和喜爱.通过在柏林Baumschulenweg的育种工作,到目前为止,已经育成不同成熟期的5个雌性和4个雄性沙棘品种.更多的由欧洲和蒙古原生种产生的杂交选育工作仍在进行中.将这些无性系按照其生物学和果实性状进行评估.就单个性状来讲,各品种之间的差异非常大（比如维生素的含量在17～340mg/100g之间变动,胡萝卜素的变动范围为6.5～23.8mg/100g）.这表明,进一步的育种改良完全有可能.所有用于比较的沙棘品种由在德累斯顿Pillnitz进行的育种工作获得,这些品种将被进一步研究.为了保险起见,以及为了解决后来有可能产生的育种及植物病理学方面的问题,必须尽可能保存现有的所有的某一品种的基因多样性.为此目的,由国家资助扶持的基因库的建立是很有必要的.     

Activated carbon amendments to soil alters nitrification rates in Scots pine forests

The influence of charcoal on biotic processes in soils remains poorly understood. Charcoal is a natural product of wildfires that burned on a historic return interval of ∼100 years in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forests of northern Sweden. Fire suppression and changes in forest stand management have resulted in a lack of charcoal production in these ecosystems. It is thought that charcoal may alter N mineralization and nitrification rates, however, previous studies have not been conclusive. Replicated field studies were conducted at three late-succession field sites in northern Sweden and supporting laboratory incubations were conducted using soil humus collected from these sites. We used activated carbon (AC), as a surrogate for natural-occurring fire-produced charcoal. Two rates of AC (0 and 2000 kg ha⁻¹), and glycine (0 and 100 kg N as glycine ha⁻¹) were applied in factorial combination to field microplots in a randomized complete block pattern. Net nitrification, N mineralization, and free phenol concentrations were measured using ionic and non-ionic resin capsules, respectively. These same treatments and also two rates of birch leaf litter (0 and 1000 kg ha⁻¹) were applied in a laboratory incubation and soils from this incubation were extracted with KCl and analyzed for NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻. Nitrification rates increased with AC amendments in laboratory incubations, but this was not supported by field studies. Ammonification rates, as measured by NH₄⁺ accumulation on ionic resins, were increased considerably by glycine applications, but some NH₄⁺ was apparently lost to surface sorption to the AC. Phenolic accumulation on non-ionic resin capsules was significantly reduced by AC amendments. We conclude that charcoal exhibits important characteristics that affect regulating steps in the transformation and cycling of N.     

一次浸提技术对提高速溶绿茶品质的作用

为了提高速溶绿茶品质,改善产品的溶解性能,研究了不同浸提次数对速溶绿茶主要滋味成分含量、茶汤色差及感官品质的影响．结果表明：第一次浸提固形物的得率是第二次浸提的4—5倍,第一次浸提产品的茶汤色泽、感官品质,特别是溶解性方面均明显优于第二次浸提的．采用一次浸提技术可提高生产效率,降低生产成本,并获得优质速溶绿茶产品．     

Superfine grinding improves functional properties and antioxidant capacities of bran dietary fibre from Qingke (hull-less barley) grown in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China

The effect of particle size of hull-less barley (HLB) bran DF on antioxidant and physicochemical properties was investigated. HLB bran and extracted DF was ground by regular and superfine grinding, their particle sizes were determined using laser diffraction method. The results showed that superfine grinding could significantly pulverize DF particles to micro-scale; the particle size distribution was close to a Gaussian distribution. The soluble DF in HLB bran was increased effectively with superfine grinding. Insoluble DF with submicron scale showed increased total phenolic content (TPC), DPPH radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). With particle size reduction, the water retention capacity (WRC), swelling capacity (SC), oil binding capacity (OBC), and nitrite ion absorption capacity (NIAC) were significantly (p < 0.05) increased and the water holding capacity (WHC) had no significant change. A kind of health beneficial DF with higher soluble DF content, WRC, SC, OBC, NIAC and antioxidant activity was obtained using superfine grinding.