盐水鸭中挥发性风味物质研究进展

盐水鸭因具有独特的风味和较高的营养价值而深受消费者喜爱。挥发性化合物,如脂类及其降解产物,对盐水鸭特征风味的形成具有重要作用。从盐水鸭肉所含的主要挥发性风味成分、挥发性成分的测定方法、加工工艺对挥发性风味物质的影响3个方面综述了近年来盐水鸭特征香味物质的研究进展。     

Changes in Volatile Compounds of Dark and Ordinary Muscles of Yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata) During Short-Term Cold Storage

ABSTRACT

Changes in volatile compounds in dark and ordinary muscle of yellowtail during 2 days of refrigerated storage at 5°C were investigated. Twenty-seven compounds were identified in ordinary muscle and 39 in dark muscle during 2 days of storage at 5°C. Thirteen compounds at Day 0 of storage and 29 compounds at Day 2—such as 2,3-pentadione, 1-penten-3-ol, (Z)-2-penten-1-ol, and (E,Z)-2,4-heptadienal—identified in the dark muscle showed significantly higher values compared to ordinary muscle. Levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) in dark muscle were significantly higher than those in ordinary muscle throughout 2 days of storage period, and a significant increase in TBARS occurred in just dark muscle at Day 2 of storage. In ordinary muscle, viable cells remained at the same order of magnitude as their initial values for 2 days. Eight aldehydes in ordinary muscle and 25 volatile compounds in dark muscle increased significantly without microbial action prior to increase in TBARS during short-term cold storage. Principal component analysis of the volatile compounds in dark and ordinary muscle was able to differentiate between different storage time samples of same muscle type as well as different muscle samples of same storage time.     

土壤中根皮苷和根皮素对桃幼苗的影响

以一年生桃嫁接苗为试材,在盆栽条件下研究了苹果园土壤中特征酚酸类物质——根皮苷和根皮素对桃苗生物量、根系活力、根系保护性酶活性和MDA含量的影响。结果表明,根皮苷对桃幼苗的伤害显著,与对照相比,鲜质量、干质量分别降低了16.66%和21.58%,根系活力降低了33.04%,SOD、POD活性分别降低了40.80%和31.10%,MDA含量提高了116.34%。根皮素对桃苗的影响不大。高锰酸钾处理明显缓解了根皮苷对桃苗的伤害,苹果园土壤中的根皮苷含量降低了57.80%,提高了桃苗的生物量、根系活力和保护性酶活性,降低了MDA含量。综上,老龄苹果园土壤实测含量的根皮苷(0.343mg·kg~(-1))可降低桃苗的生物量,适量的高锰酸钾能缓解根皮苷的伤害作用。     

金银花和红银花挥发性成分的顶空固相微萃取#br# 气质联用检测与比较

 采用顶空固相微萃取气质联用（SPME–GC–MS）的方法检测红银花与金银花新鲜花蕾和 干花蕾的挥发性成分。4 种花蕾样品共鉴定出67 种挥发性物质,其中新鲜红银花与金银花分别检测出48 种和46 种,经烘干处理的干红银花与金银花分别检测出34 种和37 种。[3.2.1.0（1,5）]三环辛烷、β– 芳樟醇、5–甲基–2–己醇和以及十六烷是4 种样品共有的成分。其中红银花挥发性成分主要以烃类、 醇酮类为主,β–芳樟醇含量显著高于金银花;样品在由新鲜到烘干这一过程中,烃类和酯类挥发性物质 含量降低,醛类和醇酮类挥发性物质显著增加。     

不同温度对紫罗勒萜烯类挥发物释放的影响

以盆栽紫罗勒Ocimum basilicum‘Purple Ruffles’为试验材料,经3个不同温度(20,30,40℃)处理后,使用动态顶空法采集香气,然后采用自动热脱附-气相色谱/质量色谱联用技术(ATD-GC/MS)对萜烯类香气成分和释放量进行鉴定和分析。结果表明,紫罗勒香气中的萜烯类化合物数量随温度升高表现出降低的趋势,并且相对含量也表现出明显变化,说明温度能显著影响紫罗勒萜烯化合物的释放,但各个萜烯类化合物的变化规律不同。在检测到的萜烯化合物中桉叶油醇含量最高,3个温度下的平均含量达到了81%,远远高于其他成分,可初步判断桉叶油醇为紫罗勒挥发物中萜烯化合物的主要成分。     

Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potential of the Bifurcaria bifurcata Epiphytic Bacteria

Surface-associated marine bacteria are an interesting source of new secondary metabolites. The aim of this study was the isolation and identification of epiphytic bacteria from the marine brown alga, Bifurcaria bifurcata, and the evaluation of the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of bacteria extracts. The identification of epiphytic bacteria was determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Bacteria extracts were obtained with methanol and dichloromethane (1:1) extraction. The antioxidant activity of extracts was performed by quantification of total phenolic content (TPC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). Antimicrobial activities were evaluated against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella enteritidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans. A total of 39 Bifurcaria bifurcata-associated bacteria were isolated and 33 were identified as Vibrio sp. (48.72%), Alteromonas sp. (12.82%), Shewanella sp. (12.26%), Serratia sp. (2.56%), Citricoccus sp. (2.56%), Cellulophaga sp. (2.56%), Ruegeria sp. (2.56%) and Staphylococcus sp. (2.56%). Six (15.38%) of the 39 bacteria Bifurcaria bifurcata-associated bacteria presented less than a 90% Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) match, and some of those could be new. The highest antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity (against B. subtilis) was exhibited by strain 16 (Shewanella sp.). Several strains also presented high antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, mainly belonging to Alteromonas sp. and Vibrio sp. There were no positive results against fungi and Gram-negative bacteria. Bifurcaria bifurcata epiphytic bacteria were revealed to be excellent sources of natural antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds.     

葡萄与葡萄酒单萜化合物的研究进展

 单萜化合物是葡萄与葡萄酒中一类典型香气成分,以游离态和结合态形式存在。重点阐述了葡萄果实单萜化合物的生物合成途径及其关键酶——单萜合成酶的研究进展,葡萄果实与葡萄酒中的单萜化合物及其影响因素,糖苷结合态单萜化合物的结构、含量及其分析方法,并对单萜化合物的研究前景进行了展望。     

板栗种仁中总酚酸的提取纯化工艺研究

[目的]建立富集板栗种仁中高纯度总酚酸的方法.[方法]以没食子酸为对照品,采用分光光度法测定板栗种仁中总酚酸含量;以总酚酸含量为指标,对提取方法进行系统研究;以总酚酸的得率和精制度为考察指标,研究大孔树脂吸附纯化提取物的工艺条件及参数.[结果]用体积分数为75％的乙醇回流提取的总酚酸获得较高的提取率,通过HPD-826型大孔树脂纯化后,总酚酸得率的质量分数达到83.6％以上,体积分数为70％的乙醇洗脱液总固物中总酚酸的质量分数达到58.1％以上.[结论]采用此种提取及精制方法,可较好地提取纯化板栗种仁中的总酚酸.     

木荷鲜花香气化学成分研究初报

以固相微萃取吸附采集木荷鲜花的香气成分,用GC／MS总离子流色谱峰的峰面积归一化法对木荷鲜花的挥发性成分进行了分析。鉴定结果表明,木荷鲜花能挥发出多种有益于人体健康的芳香气体物质,其香气成分包括：l-芳樟醇（16．83％）、桧烯（13．83％）、α-蒎烯（10．28％）、苯甲醇（8．78％）、3,7-二甲基-1,3,7-辛三烯（7．55％）、吉玛烯-D（5．23％）、2,6,6-三甲基环己-2-烯-1,4-二酮（4．84％）、反式-氧化芳樟醇（3．41％）、反式-石竹烯（3．14％）等48种化合物。结果为进一步研究及开发利用木荷林资源提供依据。     

Secondary Stress Responses in Juvenile Brazilian Flounder,Paralichthys orbignyanus,throughout and after Exposure to Sublethal Levels of Ammonia and Nitrite

This study investigated the secondary stress responses of Paralichthys orbignyanus exposed to ammonia and nitrite and after recovery. Fish were exposed to 0.12, 0.28, and 0.57 mg NH₃‐N/L, or 5.72, 10.43, and 15.27 mg NO₂‐N/L for 10 d followed by the same time length for recovery. Ammonia‐ and nitrite‐free water was used as a control treatment. Blood samples were collected after 1, 5, and 10 d of exposure and after recovery. Fish exposed to ammonia presented lower and higher glucose levels after 10 d of exposure and recovery, respectively. Ammonia induced initial and transient ionic disturbances and metabolic alkalosis. Nitrite exposure caused hyperglycemia, increased plasma K⁺ levels, and respiratory alkalosis, whereas metabolic acidosis was observed after recovery. Increased proportion of monocytes and/or granulocytes and reduced number of lymphocytes were demonstrated in fish exposed to 0.28 mg NH₃‐N/L (Day 1) and 10.43 mg NO₂‐N/L (Day 5) and after recovery in the 0.28 and 0.57 mg NH₃‐N/L treatments. Exposure to ammonia decreased the proportion of granulocytes on Day 5. In conclusion, exposure to concentrations at 0.12 mg NH₃‐N/L and 5.72 mg NO₂‐N/L provoked physiological disorders in Brazilian flounder. Nonetheless, fish exposed to 5.72 mg NO₂‐N/L following a 10‐d recovery period showed complete resumption of homeostasis.