几种淡水鱼血清免疫复合物的初步研究

采用SDS－PAGE技术和免疫酶斑点法（Dot-ELISA),对罗非鱼、草鱼、鲫、镛和鲤5种淡水鱼的血清免疫复合物（IC）进行了研究。结果表明，鲤科的4种鱼之间的电泳条带差异较小，丽鱼科的罗非鱼与鲤科的4种鱼之间的电泳条带有差异但较小。2％PEG能较好地沉淀5种鱼血清IC，且不同鱼血清IC含量有一定的差异。     

Vaccine-associated granulomatous inflammation and melanin accumulation in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., white muscle

The purpose of this study was to investigate the nature of variably sized pigmented foci encountered in fillets of farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. The material was sampled on the fillet production line and on salmon farms from fish with an average size of 3 kg from various producers. The fish had been routinely vaccinated by injection. Gross pathology, histology, immunohistochemistry using antisera against major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II beta chain and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize the changes. Macroscopically, melanized foci were seen penetrating from the peritoneum deep into the abdominal wall, sometimes right through to the skin, and also embedded in the caudal musculature. Histological investigation revealed muscle degeneration and necrosis, fibrosis and granulomatous inflammation containing varying numbers of melano-macrophages. Vacuoles, either empty or containing heterogeneous material, were frequently seen. The presence of abundant MHC class II+ cells indicated an active inflammatory condition. TEM showed large extracellular vacuoles and leucocytes containing homogeneous material of lipid-like appearance. The results showed that the melanized foci in Atlantic salmon fillet resulted from an inflammatory condition probably induced by vaccination. The described condition is not known in wild salmon and in farmed salmon where injection vaccination is not applied.     

Movements of Atlantic salmon migrating upstream through a fish-pass complex in Scotland

Abstract  – Movements of adult Atlantic salmon were tracked through a series of four fish passes and an impoundment on the River Conon system, Northern Scotland. Proportions of fish passing individual obstructions ranged from 63 to 100%. The cumulative effect was that only 4 of the 54 tagged fish reached the spawning areas. The fish were delayed for 1–41 days at a pool-and-overfall ladder and 1–52 days at a Borland fish lift. The fish swam through a 10 km long reservoir at 0.21–1.16 km·h⁻¹. A total of 13 fish negotiated a 2.5 km long, 3 m diameter diversion tunnel through a mountain to their home river. High levels of electromyogram (EMG) activity were recorded during ascent of a pool-and-overfall fish ladder, indicating that high energy demanding burst swimming was required.     

陈香茶菌及枯草芽孢杆菌复合发酵豆粕的研究

本试验旨在研究陈香茶菌及枯草芽孢杆菌复合发酵生料豆粕。以酸溶性蛋白含量为主要检测指标,研究陈香茶菌及枯草芽孢杆菌不同培养条件对豆粕固态发酵的影响。结果表明:1)陈香茶菌适宜培养条件为,称取0.5 g陈香茶粉接入装有100 m L马铃薯葡萄糖培养基三角瓶中,28℃静置培养24 h。2)豆粕固态发酵最佳工艺为,10%枯草芽孢杆菌发酵液+10%陈香茶菌培养液+10%糖蜜+10%水+55%豆粕,在37℃密闭条件下培养3~6 d。通过陈香茶菌及枯草芽孢杆菌复合发酵,能显著改善生料豆粕营养价值,有一定的应用价值。     

人工催熟日本鳗鲡精子的显微和超微结构

对经人工催产获得的日本鳗鲡（Anguilla japonica）精子的显微和超微结构进行了观察。光镜下观察，日本鳗鲡精子有两种形态结构，一种精子的细胞核为圆形或近 似圆形，这精子较小，细胞核长径为(2.57±0.62) μm，短径为(2.11±0.59) μm，鞭毛长度为(38.35±7.71) μm；另外一种精子的细胞核为“眉形”或“新月形”，精子较大，细胞核长径为(7.66±1.09) μm，短径为(2.54±0.46) μm，鞭毛长度为(38.35±9.02) μm。透射电镜观察结果显示：圆形精子头部的顶端无顶体，植入窝位于细胞核底端的中间，由细胞核向内凹陷而成，呈一沟状，其走向与精子的长轴平行。中心粒复合体位于植入窝内。细胞核的下端有2～3个线粒体。基体的头端呈筒状，由电子致密物构成。基体的尾端分裂成9束。尾部从袖套腔中伸出且细长，轴丝始端与基体的尾端相连，微管多呈电子致密状，轴丝为典型的“9+2”结构。圆形精子为日本鳗鲡正常成熟的精子。“眉形”或“新月形”精子头部细胞核弯曲，在弯曲处有一圆形的球状物，球状物内含有线粒体和中心粒复合体，轴丝为“9+0”结构。这种精子可能存在发育缺陷或没有达到完全正常成熟。     

Major histocompatibility complex and mate choice in the polygynous primate: the Sichuan snub‐nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana)

The highly polymorphic genes within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) not only play a major role in immunity resistance, but also seem to provide hints for mate choice in some animal populations. In the present study we investigated MHC‐related mate choice in a small natural population (group size 40–55 individuals) of a polygynous primate, the Sichuan snub‐nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana). We found that there was no evidence either for MHC‐disassortative mating, or for females to mate with males based on MHC heterozygosity or specific alleles. Nevertheless, of the 11 alleles identified, we found that the frequencies of 2 alleles, Rhro‐DRB2 (P < 0.01) and Rhro‐DRB5 (P < 0.05) were higher in offspring than in their parents. These findings suggest that MHC‐DRB in this population of R. roxellana is unlikely to be associated with mating preferences. Limited female opportunities for mate choice are likely due, in part, to the harem breeding structure present in R. roxellana, and the relatively small number of resident adult males in our study band (N = 4–6). In addition, we suggest that differences in the frequency of particular alleles across generations may be linked to parasite resistance in a fluctuating environment; however, confirmation of this finding requires further study.     

Abnormalities of the operculum in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata): morphological description

The authors studied a population of 582 gilthead sea breams (Sparus aurata), aged 25–600 days, in order to describe the abnormalities of the opercular complex.

Particular attention was paid to: (1) the different degrees of abnormality of the opercular complex as a whole and of the individual dermal bones (preopercle, interopercle, subopercle and opercle) that compose it; (2) the ways in which the operculum folds into the gill cavity and the relevant histological characteristics. This study discusses the origin and nature of the abnormalities.

Though these abnormalities have a major impact on market value and product image, and are often linked to other disorders in fish, they are still difficult to eliminate. Gaining a basic understanding of these abnormalities will be a first step towards reducing their occurrence.     

砷镉在不同矿物界面的相互作用过程

重金属元素镉砷由于毒性高、活性大及危害强等特点,其土壤界面化学过程是土壤科学研究中的热点问题。虽然已有大量报道涉及镉砷的界面化学过程研究,但很少排除pH这一重要因子对研究结果的干扰。因此,本研究通过序批式反应,在排除pH干扰的条件下,定量研究了砷及镉在不同矿物界面（包括氧化铝、二氧化钛和高岭石）单独存在以及共同存在条件下的相互作用过程。研究结果表明：不同矿物界面上砷和镉的吸附动力学符合准二级动力学模型,化学吸附为其控速步骤;镉及砷的吸附效率（吸附量/比表面积）在不同矿物界面上均呈现出二氧化钛界面远高于氧化铝界面,而氧化铝界面高于高岭石界面;随着镉/砷浓度比的递增,镉的关键界面作用过程调控机制由静电吸附控制为主逐步转变为静电吸附与形成界面-砷-镉三元络合物共同作用,继而转变为形成表面沉淀控制;而随着砷/镉浓度比的递增,砷的关键界面调控机制发生从吸附控制为主向为沉淀控制为主的转变。该结果可为重金属元素在土壤矿物界面的微观化学作用过程及其调控措施研究提供借鉴。     

复的带自相容源KdV方程的爆破解

从复的带自相容源KdV方程的1-soliton解和1-negaton解出发,得到该方程的爆破解,并详细分析了爆破点的轨迹.此外,通过matlab画图说明爆破解的动力学行为特点.     

深基坑土钉墙内部稳定性计算新方法——最危险滑裂面复合遗传进化 …

高层建筑深基坑土钉墙内部稳定性分析的关键是如何确定最危险滑裂面的位置并计算与相对应的安全系数，这可归结为一类非线性优化问题。为克服传统优化分析方法容易陷于局部最优解的缺点，作者利用从模拟自然进化过程的遗传进化算法和求解约束优化问题的复杂形法而发展起来的复合遗传算法来搜索最危险滑动面，提出了一种深基坑土钉墙内部稳定性分析的复合遗传进化调优算法，它是一种全局优化分析方法，且比一般的遗传算法寻优效率要高