虹鳟不同养殖群体形态性状变异的初步研究

本文采用鱼类形态度量学和框架度量学相结合的方法,对五个不同虹鳟养殖群体（1．渤海群体2．丹麦群体3．道氏群体4．挪威群体5．加州群体）20个比例性状进行了主成分分析,结果表明：虹鳟的形态指标大致可归纳为“大小因子”、“摄食因子”、“游泳因子”、“形态因子”和“头型因子”能较完整（82．66％）地描写虹鳟的外形特征;道氏以外的4个虹鳟群体的形态学特征存在较大的相似性,道氏群体与其他4个虹鳟群体的形态差异较大;通过比较其形态性状以便评估其种内的变异以及各个性状伴随着生长而产生的变化,为今后虹鳟的选育方案设计及选择应答的预测提供参考。     

镜鲤两个繁殖群体的遗传结构和几种性状的基因型分析

利用扩增效果好、在群体中具有多态性的28个微卫星标记,检测国家换新良种场的镜鲤繁殖群体和黑龙江水产研究所松浦实验场的镜鲤繁殖群体的遗传组成,计算了两个群体的有效等位基因数,期望杂合度和多态信息含量等遗传参数,换新与松浦两个群体的有效等位基因数分别为2.874和3.102, 期望杂合度分别是0.565和0.603,多态信息含量分别是0.534和0.568;遗传结构分析研究结果表明这两个群体的多样性较高,信息含量丰富,具有进一步筛选出优良品种的遗传基础。但连锁不平衡分析表明这两个群体在较大的选择压力下,已严重偏离Hardy-Weniberg平衡,要保持群体的优良性状相关的遗传基础,应该在进一步的选种中注意增加群体的遗传多样性。也用28个基因座的不同基因型与换新208个亲本的体重值进行了连锁分析,得到12个与镜鲤体重相关的基因型,其中紧密相关的基因型3个;分析了一些严重偏离平衡的基因型,并分析了出现这种现象的可能原因,同时探讨了一些基因型与胚胎期致死或易感病基因连锁的可能性。为描述基因型偏离程度,创造了基因型偏离指数,并用其对群体中一些基因型出现的偏离现象进行了探讨。图1表2参19     

中华绒螯蟹养殖群体与野生群体的种群遗传学研究

研究旨在探究安徽中华绒螯蟹种质资源状况以及资源混杂程度,以期为中华绒螯蟹资源的科学保护、合理利用以及相关产业政策的制定提供理论依据。采集了中华绒螯蟹4个养殖群体和长江野生群体共170尾样本,基于线粒体分子标记,进行种群遗传学分析。结果表明,长江野生中华绒螯蟹遗传多样性低,盲目捕捞可能造成野生资源衰退。野生群体与养殖群体间未出现显著遗传分化,存在严重的种质混杂。研究探明了长江中华绒螯蟹的资源现状,为其科学的保护提供理论依据。     

新疆人口增长预测与可持续发展研究

人口问题是可持续发展的核心问题,在全面建设小康社会的新的历史时期,新疆未来的人口发展状况对区域整个国民经济和社会发展都将起着关键的影响。文中采用《新疆统计年鉴》统计数据对新疆2010年和2020年的人口发展规模做出预测,并在预测的基础上对人口与水资源、耕地资源、矿产和能源资源的可持续发展进行了分析。通过预测分析得到以下结论:新疆未来的人口增长速度依然会相当高;人口增长对于水资源、耕地资源和矿产能源资源的压力不会很大;但是鉴于新疆人口存在的人口文化素质低、人口城镇化水平低以及流动人口数量大等问题,仍然必须制定科学的人口政策,促进人口与经济社会的可持续发展。     

北疆城镇区域人口发展中的问题及人口空间分布特征

北疆城镇区域是新疆人口最为密集、经济最为发达的城镇密集地区,但其在人口发展过程中过快的人口增长、过低的人口素质、分布广和数量多的贫困人口及少数民族人口等诸多问题已经极大地制约了区域经济的发展步伐。文中通过相关数据的整理和分析,得出北疆城镇区域的人口空间分布总体上具有首位度高、不均衡及人口规模体系不健全等特点,同时深入分析了区域人口密度分布独特的马鞍状分布特点。     

我国斑鳜不同群体mtDNA控制区序列的遗传变异

采用PCR技术扩增了鸭绿江、长江、钱塘江、闽江、西江5个群体36尾斑鳜（Siniperca scherzeri Steindachner）mtDNA控制区的基因序列。在长度818bp片断序列中共检测到112个多态性核苷酸位点,具有20种单倍型,不同地理群体的单倍型表型不同,鸭绿江、钱塘江群体中含有多个特异性的核苷酸位点。用MEGA3．0构建了NJ分子树,鸭绿江、长江、钱塘江、西江群体内的个体均能单独聚成群,而闽江群体未能单独成群,个体分别与长江、西江群体聚在一起。这些表明我国斑鳜不同群体间有较明显的遗传分化。     

Changes in the density and growth of brown trout (Salmo trutta) after intensive removal of sympatric Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) in the sub‐Arctic lake Møkkelandsvatn,Norway

This study tests the basic hypothesis that the removal of charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.), would cause an increase in both the growth and density of a sympatric trout population, Salmo trutta L. The charr population was characterised by slow‐growing individuals, with a high proportion of mature fish, that is typical for so‐called overpopulated populations. A total of 31,000 charr was removed from the lake in the period 1990–1992, and the density of younger trout (1+, 2+), but not older trout (3+, 4+), increased. The growth of older trout (3+, 4+) increased, but the evidence for similar growth increases of younger trout (1+, 2+) was limited. From 1989 to 1990, the proportion of trout increased from 30 to only 40% of the total catch, but from 1991 to 1994, it was significantly higher (60–80%) than that of charr. Total trout biomass increased to a maximum in 1992 and then decreased so that the biomass of 1994 was nearly similar to that of 1989, that is before the start of the charr removal. Back‐calculated lengths of trout from otoliths showed that 2+ and 3+ trout caught in the pelagic were growing consistently faster over previous years than those caught in the littoral, while this was not the case for the 4+ fish. Therefore, the hypothesis was partially supported; the growth rate of trout increased (age groups 1+ to 4+), while the density of juvenile trout (1+, 2+), but not the older trout (3+, 4+), increased after the removal of charr.     

Influences of population density,temperature and latitude on the growth of invasive topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva

Plasticity in life‐history traits provides advantages for introduced fish in overcoming demographic bottlenecks that would otherwise inhibit establishment. Here, the influence of population density, temperature and latitude was tested on the growth increments and growth rates of invasive populations of topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva, a small Asian cyprinid fish that is invasive across Europe. Aquaria experiments tested the roles of fish number and temperature on growth increments under a fixed food supply, pond experiments tested the role of density on growth increments, and a field study completed in England and Wales tested the influence of density and latitude on growth rates. In aquaria experiments, whilst growth increments were higher at 21 and 23 °C than at 19 and 25 °C, fish number had a greater influence on growth than temperature. Higher growth increments were produced at lower densities. In experimental ponds, growth increments were significantly higher in ponds with low densities of P. parva compared with those at elevated densities. In the field study comprising 10 wild populations across a latitudinal gradient of 4.0°N, a difference in mean air temperatures of approximately 3 °C, and estimated densities between 0.5 and 65.0 m^?2, population density was the only significant predictor of growth rates. Whilst populations at very low densities comprised of significantly faster growing individuals, there were no significant differences when densities were between 15 and 65 m^?2. Thus, invasive P. parva populations have considerable growth plasticity, especially at low densities, with this likely to be important in their ability to colonise new environments.     

‘秦美’猕猴桃贮藏期病原真菌的鉴定

以‘秦美’猕猴桃为试材,分离纯化在贮藏过程中引起腐烂的主要病原真菌。采用形态学观察及核糖体rDNA-ITS(Internal transcribed spacer)区序列分析法进行鉴定。结果表明:从腐烂猕猴桃中共分离出5株致病菌,对ITS区序列测序结果经GenBank数据库BLAST比对,A的ITS序列与Trichothecium roseum(EU552162.1)同一分支,支持率达100%;B的ITS序列与Fusarium tricinctum(AB587078.1)同一分支,支持率达99%;C的ITS序列与Penicillium expansum(AF330635.1)同一分支,支持率达99%;D的ITS序列与Colletotrichum boninense(KF819619.1)同一分支,支持率达99%;E的ITS序列与Botrytis elliptica(KJ638600.1)同一分支,支持率达100%。由形态学及ITS区序列分析,构建系统发育树,最终鉴定A为粉红聚端孢(Trichothecium roseum),B为镰刀菌属(Fusarium tricinctum),C为扩展青霉(Penicillium expansum),D为炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum boninense),E为灰葡萄孢(Botrytis cinerea)。5种病原真菌中灰葡萄孢为主要致病菌。     

氨氮胁迫对四鼻须鲤鱼肝脏GST酶活力的影响

实验采用生态毒理学方法,以NH4Cl为实验药物,设置0、50、150和250mg/L实验浓度。通过对野生和养殖群体的四鼻须鲤鱼氨氮对肝脏谷胱甘肽巯基转移酶（GST）活力的影响,比较两个群体抗氨氮能力。结果表明：在相同的氨氮浓度和胁迫时间下,四鼻须鲤鱼养殖群体GST酶活力的变化趋势与野生群体大致相同。除250mg/L浓度组在胁迫5d和10d时,野生群体酶活性略低于养殖群体外,在其余时间点的野生群体酶活性均高于养殖群体,而且,在高浓度氨氮胁迫下,野生群体肝脏的GST酶活性达到峰值的时间比养殖群体更短,显示出较强的抗氨氮能力。