网箱养鳝模式对Cu2+的吸附和鱼生产性能的影响

为探讨网箱养鳝模式下空心莲子草和麦饭石对水体中Cu_²⁺的吸附效应和共生体系中黄鳝、鲤鱼存活率,增重率及肌肉Cu_²⁺含量的影响,试验选取健康黄鳝120尾,随机分成4组,每组设置3个重复,分别放养于网箱内;鲤鱼240尾,随机分成4组,每组设置3个重复,分别放养于网箱外水泥池中。饲养56 d。检测空心莲子草、麦饭石、水体Cu_²⁺含量和黄鳝、鲤鱼的存活率,增重率及肌肉Cu_²⁺含量。结果表明,空心莲子草和麦饭石对水体中的Cu_²⁺均有较强的吸附作用,水体Cu_²⁺浓度明显降低;随水体Cu_²⁺浓度升高,黄鳝和鲤鱼的存活率、增重率明显降低,肌肉中Cu_²⁺含量显著升高。     

HA的存在对活性污泥吸附Cu2+的影响

为探讨HA、金属Cu²⁺以及活性污泥三者间的相互作用关系,研究了在HA存在下,不同吸附时间、pH值、Cu²⁺质量浓度以及温度对活性污泥吸附Cu²⁺的影响,并从热力学、吸附前后活性污泥性状以及红外光谱等角度分析了活性污泥吸附Cu²⁺机理。结果表明,当活性污泥为2 g/L、HA质量浓度为50 mg/L、pH=6,Cu²⁺质量浓度为50 mg/L时,经过90 min达到吸附平衡,Cu²⁺吸附量为45.98 mg/L,吸附率达到91.96%。研究发现,HA可以削弱Cu²⁺对活性污泥的毒性,活性污泥吸附Cu²⁺主要依靠氢键力和偶极间力,而多糖类、脂类C-O及苯环C-H等官能团在吸附过程中发挥着主要作用。     

ASTER遥感数据在矿区生态损害现状监测中的应用

德兴铜矿矿山多年开采对矿区生态环境造成极大的损害,为维护矿区可持续发展,生态损害现状调查尤为重要。利用ASTER数据结合野外实测各类地物反射光谱曲线,利用矿物指数提取矿区重金属和粘土污染;采用差值法提取水体污染状况;采用NDVI彩色密度分割法提取矿区植被污染信息。研究表明,铜矿区生态损害现状甚为严重,利用遥感手段监测矿区生态环境是完全可行的。这为矿区土地复垦与生态修复提供了技术支持和决策依据。     

Copper‐Induced Oxidative Stress and Responses of the Antioxidant System in Roots of Medicago sativa

The effects of various copper (Cu) concentrations on the antioxidative system in the roots of Medicago sativa were explored. The results indicated that the Cu content of the roots reached a value of 854 μg g^?1 DW at 10 μm Cu and a value of 4415 μg g^?1 DW at 100 μm Cu, suggesting that M. sativa has better ability to tolerate and accumulate Cu than other Cu‐bioaccumulators, and is a potential plant for phytoremediation. Treatment with Cu resulted in a significant increment in the levels of H₂O₂, O₂˙^? and OH˙. The reduced form of ascorbate and glutathione reached a peak at 30 μm Cu, and was followed by a sharp depletion to a lower level than that of the control. In contrast, the levels of the oxidised forms of ascorbate and glutathione showed a progressive increment with increasing Cu concentrations, suggesting that the antioxidant system was unable to cope with Cu stress at higher Cu levels. Under the Cu concentrations tested, the activity of catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11) and glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2) increased at lower Cu concentrations, and then decreased, reaching a maximum at 30 μm of Cu for APX and GR, at 10 μm for CAT, whereas the activities of guaiacol peroxidase (POD, EC 1.11.1.7) were gradually increased with increasing Cu concentrations. PAGE analysis of superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.1.5.1.1) revealed that one band is a Mn‐SOD and five bands are identified as Cu, Zn‐SOD, whereas Fe‐SOD isoforms were not found in the roots of alfalfa. Cu at 10–100 μm increased the intensity of constitutive isozymes of CAT, APX and POD, whereas it decreased the intensity of isozymes of glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH, EC 1.1.1.49) significantly. The activities of lipoxygenases (LOX, EC 1.13.11.12) were gradually augmented with increasing Cu concentrations, demonstrating that LOXs are probably involved in production of lipid hydroperoxides and superoxide anion. There was a continuous and pronounced enhancement in the activity of esterase (EST, EC 3.1.1.1) in roots treated with 10–30 Cu μm , whereas EST activity in roots exposed to above 30 μm Cu declined, suggesting that EST plays a protective role under lower Cu concentrations stress.     

铜制剂及有机物料对土壤生化性状的影响

通过盆栽试验，研究了美国铜基杀菌剂Kocide2000（KCD）、新型波尔多液营养保护剂（BNPP）、传统波尔多液（BDM）、五水硫酸铜（CS）四种铜制剂及添加3％有机物料后对棕壤生化性质的影响。研究表明：铜制剂对土壤过氧化氢酶活性有刺激作用，而对脲酶、蔗糖酶活性均有显著抑制作用，尤以BDM对土壤酶活性的抑制率最强，高浓度处理下则未能检测出2种酶活性。施用铜制剂还显著影响了土壤的生物学指标，表现为土壤基础呼吸和代谢熵升高，微生物生物量碳降低。相关分析表明土壤的生物学指标和酶活性均与土壤有效铜呈显著性正相关或负相关。此外，铜制剂的施用增加了土壤中有效铜、锌（BDM除外）含量，而有效铁、锰含量降低。4种铜制剂中BDM对土壤生化性质的影响最大，其次是CS，BNPP与KCD对土壤的影响相当。增施有机物料可缓解铜制剂对土壤生物学和酶活性的影响，但能增加土壤有效态重金属的含量。     

母婴间铁锌铜代谢关系的研究

同步检测了１２６例对正常产妇及其产生儿，采用原子吸收分光光度法测定血清和红细胞铁、锌、铜含量并用放射免疫法测定血清和红细胞铁。结果：（１）血清铁蛋白≥１４μｇ／Ｌ的产妇，其婴儿脐血清铁蛋白高于母亲血清蛋白〈１４μｇ／Ｌ的婴儿，但两组婴儿的血红蛋白，血清铁，红细胞的及红细胞铁蛋白含量相近。（２）婴儿脐血清锌高于母血，而红细胞锌则低于母血；（３）婴儿脐血清铜显著低于母血，而红细胞铅则高于母血。     

Revegetation of copper mine tailings with ryegrass and willow

To restore vegetation on metal mine tailings is very difficult because they often contain high concentrations of heavy metals, low nutrient content and low water retention capacity. This study involved 3 experiments that evaluated the effects of 4 treatment amendments: montmorillonite, rice straw, organic manure and chemical fertilizer on the growth of ryegrass (Loliurn perenne L.) and willow (Salix virninalis L.) with Cu and Zn mine tailings from two mining areas. The results showed that ryegrass was the most tolerant of 4 crops to Cu toxicity. Also when organic manure, which contained high concentrations of inorganic salts, was added to the mine tailings, it significantly hindered ryegrass growth (P=0.05).Meanwhile, with ryegrass organic manure significantly increased (P=0.05) the extractable Cu concentration in both mine tallings. When montmorillonite was used as a mine tailings amendment with willow, the height and tress number at the 1st cut were significantly greater (P = 0.05) than a control without montmorillonite. However there was no significant difference for height, tress number, dry weight or root dry weight at the 2nd cut. So, amendment applications to reduce metal toxicity and increase nutrients retention in mine tailings were essential during revegetation of mine tailings.     

硫酸铜蓄积对日本蟳4种组织细胞超微结构的影响

通过蓄积毒性试验,研究了安全质量尝试（0.5mg.L-1）硫酸铜（CuSO45H2O）对日本蟳（Charybdis japonica）4种组织细胞（肌肉、鳃、肝胰脏和心脏）超微结构的影响。结果表明CuSO45H2O主要损伤的组织是鳃和肝胰脏,其次是心脏和肌肉。鳃细胞的损害表现为鳃丝水肿,细胞器溶解,角质层变薄,线粒体、内质网的肿胀、解体;肝胰脏细胞的主要损害特征为肝管微绒毛减少,线粒体水肿解体,内质网扩张,细胞核空泡化,核膜水肿和脂肪滴增加;心脏细胞的毒理变化为线粒体内嵴肿胀、瓦解,肌原纤维不规则,内质网溶解。安全浓度的CuSO45H2O经过16d蓄积后虽然没有导致日本蟳死亡,但已经对其体内组织细胞的超微结构产生了不同程度的影响。

     

饲料铜水平对生长猪血清铜、血清锌和血清铁的影响

选 60头生长白猪 ( 1 9.2 6± 1 .2 0 kg)随机分成 6组 ,每组公母各半 ,使用硫酸铜作为铜源 ,在饲料中添加不同浓度的铜 ,对照组铜添加浓度为 0 mg/kg,高铜试验各组添加浓度为 1 0 0、1 5 0、2 0 0、2 5 0和 30 0 mg/kg。试验期为 80 d,期间每隔 2 0 d采血一次 ,检测血清铜、血清铁和血清锌的含量。分析结果显示 :高铜饲料可明显提高血清铜含量 ,降低血清锌含量 ,但血清铁无显著性变化。第 2 0 d高铜各组平均血清铜比对照组提高 1 7.7% ( P<0 .0 5 ) ,第 40 d提高 2 0 .2 % ( P<0 .0 5 ) ,第 60 d提高 8.6% ( P>0 .0 5 ) ,第 80 d提高 31 .5 % ( P<0 .0 1 ) ,30 0 mg/kg高铜组与对照组比较差异显著 ( P<0 .0 5 )。血清锌第 2 0 d和 40 d,高铜各组平均比对照组降低 1 1 .6%和 1 0 .3%。     

有色金属矿山坑道酸性废水的处理及综合利用研究

某有色金属矿山坑道酸性废水经石灰中和沉淀后，经处理的废水能够达到工业废水排放标准，同时废水中的有价金属离子得到利用和回收．但实际操作中存在许多问题，生产很不稳定，工艺过程难以实现工业化生产．本研究采用2步中和沉淀法，使废水处理流程大大简化．2段逆流浸出工艺流程简单易行，实验指标稳定，有价金属离子得到有效的利用和回收，回收的产品等级提高，无二次污染问题，具有一定的经济效益和社会效益。