RESPONSE OF WHEAT COMPOSITE CROSS POPULATIONS TO DISEASE AND CLIMATE VARIATION OVER 13 GENERATIONS

• Agronomic performance of wheat populations comparable to modern cultivars.• Performance of populations depends on parental cultivar selection.• Agronomic advantage of populations under particular environmental stresses.• Heterogeneous populations better suited to low-input conditions.Since the F₅ (2005), three winter wheat composite cross populations (CCPs) based on germplasm specifically suitable for low-input conditions were subjected to natural selection under organic and conventional management. In the F₆, each CCP was divided into two parallel populations (12 CCPs in total) and maintained continuously until 2018. Commonly used modern cultivars with different disease susceptibilities were grown alongside to assess the agronomic performance of the CCPs. The organically managed CCPs were comparable in yield and foliar disease resistance to two continuously used reference cultivars, Achat and Capo. In contrast, under conventional management the cv. Capo outyielded the CCPs (Achat was not tested), highlighting the importance of parental cultivar choice for specific management systems. The CCPs were found to be moderately resistant to brown rust and even to the newly emerged stripe rust races prevalent in Europe since 2011. Differences between the CCPs were mainly due to parental genetic background and were significant in the first five generations, but were no longer so in the last five generations. In addition, these differences tended to vary depending on the experimental year and the environmental stresses present. In conclusion, the CCPs despite being derived from older cultivars are able to compete with more recently released reference cultivars under organic farming practices and represent a dynamic germplasm resource.     

长沙市某县退出小反刍兽疫强制免疫暴发的定性风险评估

小反刍兽疫(PPR)是一种由小反刍兽疫病毒引起的疾病,主要感染山羊和绵羊。2021年为加快推进小反刍兽疫无疫区建设,实现小反刍兽疫非免疫无疫区建设标准,长沙市某县拟在本地开展小反刍兽疫退出强制免疫风险评估。通过对小反刍兽疫监测流调、危害识别、风险路径的确定和风险因素层级评估等方法进行的定性风险评估初步显示,在该地取消小反刍兽疫强制免疫后可能会发生小反刍兽疫的风险等级为中。在风险管理措施上,提出该地退出强制免疫应推迟一年,重点完善政策支持、加强监测排查、加强检疫监管、强化培训宣传等建议。     

南方小花蝽和黄蓟马的种群动态及捕食功能反应

为明确南方小花蝽和黄蓟马在冬季蚕豆植株上的发生情况及南方小花蝽对黄蓟马的室内捕食控害能力,本试验采用五点取样盘拍法调查了蚕豆植株上黄蓟马及其天敌南方小花蝽的种群密度;在实验室内用捕食功能反应法研究了南方小花蝽雌成虫对黄蓟马成虫和2龄若虫的捕食功能、寻找效应及其自身密度对捕食黄蓟马的干扰反应.结果表明:黄蓟马在3月初达种...     

春甘蓝田小菜蛾种群动态研究

在田间系统调查的基础上,采用模糊聚类分析和时间动态空间生态位宽度与种群密度关系分析方法,研究了合肥地区春甘蓝田小菜蛾的种群动态,旨在为小菜蛾的科学治理提供依据。研究结果表明,春甘蓝田小菜蛾种群动态可分为3 个发展阶段——点片发生阶段（低密度、高聚块）、扩张发生阶段（中密度、低聚块）和猖獗发生阶段（高密度、低聚块）。小菜蛾对春甘蓝的为害情况比较复杂,种群密度较低时主要为害甘蓝心叶;随着甘蓝的生长和小菜蛾种群密度的上升逐渐向内层叶和外层叶扩展,最终导致甘蓝全株受害。小菜蛾种群处于点片发生阶段时是春甘蓝田小菜蛾防治的关键时期。     

Estimates of minimum viable population sizes for vertebrates and factors influencing those estimates

Population size is a major determinant of extinction risk. However, controversy remains as to how large populations need to be to ensure persistence. It is generally believed that minimum viable population sizes (MVPs) would be highly specific, depending on the environmental and life history characteristics of the species. We used population viability analysis to estimate MVPs for 102 species. We define a minimum viable population size as one with a 99% probability of persistence for 40 generations. The models are comprehensive and include age-structure, catastrophes, demographic stochasticity, environmental stochasticity, and inbreeding depression. The mean and median estimates of MVP were 7316 and 5816 adults, respectively. This is slightly larger than, but in general agreement with, previous estimates of MVP. MVPs did not differ significantly among major taxa, or with latitude or trophic level, but were negatively correlated with population growth rate and positively correlated with the length of the study used to parameterize the model. A doubling of study duration increased the estimated MVP by approximately 67%. The increase in extinction risk is associated with greater temporal variation in population size for models built from longer data sets. Short-term studies consistently underestimate the true variances for demographic parameters in populations. Thus, the lack of long-term studies for endangered species leads to widespread underestimation of extinction risk. The results of our simulations suggest that conservation programs, for wild populations, need to be designed to conserve habitat capable of supporting approximately 7000 adult vertebrates in order to ensure long-term persistence.     

稻田耕作方式和施氮水平对抛栽水稻群体质量及产量的影响

比较了4个施氮水平下免耕抛栽水稻和常耕抛栽水稻的群体质量及产量。结果表明,在127.5~193.0 kg/hm2施氮水平内,结实率随施氮水平的提高而降低,穗数、穗前干物质生产量、穗后干物质生产量、总干物质生产量、茎叶干物质表观输出量和表观输出率、植株高度、单茎重、粒叶比和根系活力随氮肥施用量的增加而增加,产量随施氮水平的提高而增加。1 9 3.0kg/hm2施氮处理的产量显著高于127.5 kg/hm2处理的。常耕抛栽水稻的有效穗数和粒叶比高于免耕抛栽水稻,但免耕水稻的干物质生产量、茎叶干物质表观输出量、茎叶干物质表观输出率、植株高度、单茎重、根系活力和颖花茎流量比常耕水稻的高,免耕抛栽水稻的群体质量略优于常耕抛栽水稻的。免耕抛栽水稻比常耕抛栽水稻增产2.10%,但差异不显著。     

万鹤山鹭鸟保护区土壤微生物优势类群生态分布的研究

研究了广西防城万鹤山鹭鸟自然保护区鹭林土壤微生物主要类群组成和数量分布及其与土壤主要化学性质的关系。结果表明:( 1 )鹭林土壤微生物主要类群组成中,细菌占88.1 7%,固氮细菌占8.1 1 %,放线菌占2 .3 2 %,丝状真菌占1 .3 9%,具有亚热带森林土壤微生物组成的特点;( 2 )影响土壤微生物数量分布主要有鹭鸟、林分类型和土壤等三方面因素;( 3 )细菌和固氮菌在白鹭林、夜鹭林和无鹭鸟林的分布差异达到或接近显著水平,呈现白鹭林>夜鹭林>无鹭鸟林的趋势,与p H值呈显著负相关,它们在有机质、全N、全P、速效N和速效P的转化和利用过程中起到了显著的作用;( 4)放线菌的数量分布呈现白鹭林≈夜鹭林>无鹭鸟林的趋势,数量分布差异接近显著水平,与p H值呈显著负相关,对有机质和全P的积累有明显的作用,也明显地促进P和K元素的分解和利用;( 5 )丝状真菌的数量分布与放线菌相反,与p H值和全K呈显著正相关,与大多数土壤养分含量呈显著负相关     

氮密互作对夏玉米物质生产及氮素利用的影响

以夏玉米杂交种郑单958为材料,对不同种植密度和不同施氮水平下夏玉米的物质生产和氮素利用状况进行了研究。结果表明,在中(67 500株/hm2)、高(82 500株/hm2)密度下,氮肥对玉米单株物质生产能力的调控作用更为明显,并主要是通过影响穗粒数来实现的。适量施氮,可促进顶部子粒发育,减少败育,使秃尖缩短、瘪粒数减少,增加穗粒数,增加产量;促进植物体吸收的氮素高效地向籽粒中分配,提高氮肥的利用效率;使玉米叶片维持较高的光合性能,为籽粒形成提供充足的光合碳量,并促进营养体碳氮向子粒运转。     

利用相同来源F2:3和BC2S1群体定位玉米生育期QTL

以普通玉米自交系丹232和爆裂玉米自交系N04为亲本构建259个F2:3和220个BC2S1家系群体,利用SSR标记构建分子标记遗传图谱,利用复合区间作图方法对4个生育期性状进行QTL定位和效应分析。利用F2:3群体共检测到4个抽雄期QTL、6个吐丝期QTL和3个散粉期QTL。单个QTL可解释的表型变异为6.7%~18.4%,可解释的表型总变异为28.9%~50.3%,11个QTL的增效基因来自生育期较长的亲本丹232,其余2个QTL的增效基因来自生育期较短的亲本N04;BC2S1群体检测到8个与4个生育期性状相关的QTL,单个QTL可解释的表型变异为4.5%~11.6%,可解释的表型总变异为13.2%~18.5%,增效基因来自两个亲本的QTL为3个和5个。两类群体检测出QTL的数目、位置、效应和贡献率均存在较大差异,主要原因在于BC2S1群体抽样选择所引起的群体结构差异,F2:3群体显示出较高的QTL检测能力,但回交育种过程中应慎重依据F2:3群体QTL定位结果进行标记辅助选择(MAS)。     

SSR标记在晋大52×晋大57后代群体分析中的应用

选用晋大52、晋大57及其杂交后代群体为试验材料,通过对杂交亲本及后代的SSR标记分析,利用NTsys软件对试验材料的遗传多态性进行了研究,并在此基础上探讨父本与母本、父母本与子代及子代与子代之间的亲缘关系,为指导今后大豆杂交育种提供理论和实践依据。结果表明：晋大52与晋大57亲本遗传基础变异大,亲缘关系远；后代品种(系)遗传基础有较大差异；材料或与父本聚为一类,或与母本聚为一类,或自聚为一类；后代品系具有偏父现象；少数材料具有特异性。